Apparatus for hydrocarbon extraction

1. A system for separating hydrocarbon from hydrocarbon-containing material using a non-aqueous extractant, said system comprising:

a dryer operable to at least partially dry said hydrocarbon-containing material;

an extraction chamber in downstream communication with said dryer and operable to facilitate contact via a substantially countercurrent flow between said hydrocarbon-containing material and said non-aqueous extractant and thereby produce an extract stream comprising extracted hydrocarbon and at least a portion of said non-aqueous extractant and a residual stream comprising residual hydrocarbon-containing material and at least a portion of said non-aqueous extractant; and

an extractant recovery chamber in downstream communication with said extraction chamber and operable to facilitate contact between at least a portion of said residual stream and an extractant recovery fluid to thereby recover at least a portion of said non-aqueous extractant from said residual stream.

2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrocarbon separation chamber in downstream communication with said extraction chamber and operable to separate at least a portion of said extracted hydrocarbon from said non-aqueous extractant in said extract stream.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein said hydrocarbon separation chamber is defined within a distillation still or distillation column.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein said extraction chamber is defined within a rotary drum vessel.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein said rotary drum vessel comprises a hydrocarbon-containing material inlet and a residual stream outlet, wherein said rotary drum vessel comprises an internal spiral member for advancing said hydrocarbon-containing material from said hydrocarbon-containing material inlet to said residual stream outlet.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein said internal spiral member is selected from the group consisting of an auger and spiral flights affixed along the inner surface of said rotary drum vessel.

7. The system of claim 5 , wherein said rotary drum vessel is inclined at an angle of at least 5° from horizontal along its axis of rotation with said residual stream outlet being elevated above said hydrocarbon-containing material inlet.

8. The system of claim 4 , wherein said rotary drum vessel comprises a non-aqueous extractant inlet for introducing said non-aqueous extractant into said extraction chamber.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein said non-aqueous extractant inlet is positioned to allow said substantially countercurrent flow between said non-aqueous extractant and said hydrocarbon-containing material.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein said extractant recovery chamber is defined within one or more substantially vertical column vessels.

11. The system of claim 10 , wherein said vertical column vessels are operable to facilitate contact between a liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide and at least a portion of said residual stream.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein said vertical column vessels comprise one or more normally upper inlets operable to receive at least a portion of said residual stream, wherein said vertical column vessels comprise one or more normally lower inlets operable to introduce said liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide into said vertical column vessels.

13. The system of claim 11 , said system further comprising a distillation unit in downstream communication with said extractant recovery chamber and operable to at least partially separate said liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide and said non-aqueous extractant.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein said dryer is a rotary dryer.