Electrochemical Nanofluid or Particle Suspension Energy Conversion and Storage Device
An electro-chemical energy conversion and storage device includes an enclosure, a first electrode operatively connected to the enclosure, a second electrode operatively connected to the enclosure, a nanofluid or particle suspension in the enclosure, a heat transfer unit, and a circulation system for circulating the nanofluid or particle suspension to the heat transfer unit. The nanofluid includes nanoparticles plus a dielectric or ionic fluid. The particle suspension includes particles plus a dielectric or ionic fluid. A wide range of nanoparticles or particles can be used. For example the following nanoparticles or particles can be used: metal and metal alloy particles for anodic dissolution and thermal transport; hydrides as source of hydrogen ions; lithium and lithium alloys; intercalated graphite and carbon aerogel as Li source (anodic material); intercalated transition metal oxide as Li sink (cathodic material); and semiconductors for photovoltaic conversion in photo-electrochemical or hybrid electrochemical cell.
1 . An electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus, comprising:
an enclosure,
a first electrode operatively connected to said enclosure,
a second electrode operatively connected to said enclosure,
a nanofluid or particle suspension in said enclosure,
a heat transfer unit, and
a circulation system for circulating said nanofluid or particle suspension to said heat transfer unit.
2 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 wherein said nanofluid or particle suspension includes nanoparticles and a dielectric or ionic fluid.
3 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 wherein said nanofluid or particle suspension includes particles and a dielectric or ionic fluid.
4 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 2 wherein said nanoparticles are hydrides as a source of hydrogen ions.
5 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 2 wherein said nanoparticles are lithium or lithium alloys.
6 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 2 wherein said nanoparticles are intercalated graphite or carbon aerogel as a Li source.
7 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 2 wherein said nanoparticles are intercalated transition metal oxide as a Li source.
8 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 wherein said circulation system includes a pump.
9 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 wherein said circulation system includes an agitator.
10 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 wherein said circulation system includes a nanoparticle supply and a fluid supply.
11 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 wherein said circulation system includes a vessel having a rounded bottom a nanoparticle supply, a fluid supply, and an agitator.
12 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 including a second enclosure, a pair of electrodes operatively connected to said second enclosure, a second nanofluid or particle suspension in said second enclosure, a second heat transfer unit, and a second circulation system for circulating said second nanofluid or particle suspension to said second heat transfer unit.
13 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 including an oxygen selective membrane and wherein said first electrode is an oxygen cathode
14 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 1 including a particle supply operatively connected to said enclosure that introduces nanoparticles or particles into said enclosure and a fluid supply operatively connected to said enclosure that introduces a dielectric fluid or ionic fluid into said enclosure.
15 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 15 including an agitator that mixes said nanoparticles or particles and said dielectric fluid or ionic fluid in said enclosure.
16 . An electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus, comprising:
an enclosure,
a first electrode operatively connected to said enclosure,
a second electrode operatively connected to said enclosure,
a nanofluid in said enclosure,
a heat transfer unit, and
a circulation system for circulating said nanofluid to said heat transfer unit.
17 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 17 wherein said nanofluid includes nanoparticles and a dielectric or ionic fluid.
18 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 17 wherein said nanoparticles are hydrides as a source of hydrogen ions.
19 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 17 wherein said nanoparticles are lithium or lithium alloys.
20 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 17 wherein said nanoparticles are intercalated graphite or carbon aerogel as a Li source.
21 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 17 wherein said nanoparticles are intercalated transition metal oxide as a Li source.
22 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 16 wherein said circulation system includes a pump.
23 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 16 wherein said circulation system includes an agitator.
24 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 16 wherein said circulation system includes a nanoparticle supply and a fluid supply.
25 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 16 wherein said circulation system includes a vessel having a rounded bottom a nanoparticle supply, a fluid supply, and an agitator.
26 . An electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus, comprising:
an enclosure,
a first electrode operatively connected to said enclosure,
a second electrode operatively connected to said enclosure,
a particle suspension in said enclosure,
heat transfer unit, and
a circulation system for circulating said particle suspension to said heat transfer unit.
27 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 26 wherein said particle suspension includes particles and a dielectric or ionic fluid.
28 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 27 wherein said particles are hydrides as a source of hydrogen ions.
29 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 27 wherein said particles are lithium or lithium alloys.
30 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 27 wherein said particles are intercalated graphite or carbon aerogel as a Li source.
31 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 27 wherein said particles are intercalated transition metal oxide as a Li source.
32 . The electro-chemical energy conversion and storage apparatus of claim 26 wherein said circulation system includes a particle supply and a fluid supply.