Air breathing lithium power cells
A cell suitable for use in a battery according to one embodiment includes a catalytic oxygen cathode; a stabilized zirconia electrolyte for selective oxygen anion transport; a molten salt electrolyte; and a lithium-based anode. A cell suitable for use in a battery according to another embodiment includes a catalytic oxygen cathode; an electrolyte; a membrane selective to molecular oxygen; and a lithium-based anode.
1. A cell suitable for use in a battery, the cell comprising:
a stabilized zirconia electrolyte separator for selective oxygen anion transport;
a catalytic oxygen cathode coating one side of the stabilized zirconia electrolite separator;
a lithium-based anode; and
a lithium-based molten salt electrolyte positioned between the stabilized zirconia electrolyte and the lithium-based anode.
2. The cell of claim 1 , further comprising a solid-state lithium ion conductor positioned between the stabilized zirconia electrolyte separator and the lithium-based anode, wherein the lithium-based anode comprises a molten lithium-metal alloy.
3. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode includes a ceramic and a catalyst comprising a Group 10 metal and provides a specific capacity of at least about 500 Ah/kg and capacity density of at least about 1900 Ah/L.
4. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the stabilized zirconia electrolyte is stabilized with yttria.
5. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-based anode provides a specific capacity of at least about 750 Ah/kg and a capacity density of at least about 1700 Ah/L, and is constructed of a material selected from a group consisting of metallic lithium, a lithium alloy, and lithium-graphite.
6. The cell of claim 1 , with the proviso that the cathode does not include lithium-nickel-cobalt oxide and lithium-iron-phosphate.
7. A cell suitable for use in a battery, the cell comprising:
a catalytic oxygen cathode;
a lithium-based anode;
a solid-phase ion-conductive electrolyte comprising inorganic particles, wherein a conductivity of the solid-phase ion-conductive electrolyte is greater than 15 milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) at 0° C.; and
a membrane selective to molecular oxygen positioned on a side of the cathode exposed to an oxygen source, the membrane being configured to accommodate either solid or liquid electrolytes.
8. The cell of claim 7 , wherein the cathode includes a porous carbon, and wherein the solid electrolyte has a composition that changes across a cross section thereof from an end thereof closest to the anode to an end thereof closest to the cathode.
9. The cell of claim 7 , wherein the cathode includes a carbon aerogel.
10. The cell of claim 7 , wherein the lithium-based anode is constructed of a material selected from a group consisting of metallic lithium, a lithium alloy, and lithium-graphite.
11. The cell of claim 7 , wherein a specific capacity of the cell is greater than about 360 Ah/kg, and wherein a capacity density of the cell is greater than about 700 Ah/L.
12. The cell of claim 7 , wherein a specific capacity of the cell is greater than about 360 Ah/kg, and wherein a capacity density of the cell is greater than about 700 Ah/L.
13. The cell of claim 7 , wherein the solid electrolyte couples at least one of the anode and the cathode to an underlying conductor.
14. The cell of claim 7 , wherein the anode comprises graphite intercalated with lithium.
15. The cell of claim 7 , wherein the solid electrolyte has a graded composition across the cross section thereof, wherein inorganic particles in the solid electrolyte transition from primarily transition metal oxides near the end thereof closest to the cathode, to ion conductive particles in a separator region, to graphitic particles near the end thereof closest to the anode.
16. The cell of claim 7 , with the proviso that the cathode does not include a transition metal oxide.
17. A cell suitable for use in a battery, the cell comprising:
a catalytic oxygen cathode;
an electrolyte;
a membrane selective to molecular oxygen; and
a lithium-based anode;
wherein a conductivity of the electrolyte is greater than 15 milliSiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) at 0° C.
18. The cell of claim 17 , wherein the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte that has a composition that changes across a cross section thereof from an end thereof closest to the low-temperature lithium-based anode to an end thereof closest to the low-temperature catalytic oxygen cathode.
19. The cell of claim 17 , wherein the electrolyte is an organic solid-polymer electrolyte.
20. The cell of claim 7 , wherein the solid electrolyte is an organic solid-polymer electrolyte.