Detection and measurement of mass change using an electromechanical resonator
A change in impedance of a electromechanical resonating sensor is utilized to detect and/or measure a change in mass accumulated on the sensor. The impedance is monitored at a fixed frequency. The fixed frequency may be at or near the resonance frequency of the sensor. In various configurations, the sensor comprises a quartz crystal microbalance sensor or a piezoelectric cantilever sensor.
1. A method comprising:
exposing at least a portion of an electromechanical resonating sensor to a medium, wherein the sensor comprises an asymmetric anchor;
measuring an impedance of the sensor;
comparing the measured impedance with a baseline impedance of the sensor; and
when the measured impedance differs from the baseline impedance, determining that an analyte is present in the medium.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the baseline impedance is an impedance of the sensor having no analyte accumulated thereon.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the impedance is measured at a constant frequency.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the impedance is measured at a constant frequency other than a resonance frequency of the sensor.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is a piezoelectric cantilever sensor comprising:
a non-piezoelectric layer;
a piezoelectric layer;
at least one base portion coupled to at least one of the piezoelectric layer and the non-piezoelectric layer, wherein the at least one base portion comprises the asymmetric anchor; and
electrodes operatively associated with the piezoelectric layer, wherein:
at least a portion of the piezoelectric layer is coupled to at least a portion of the non-piezoelectric layer such that the piezoelectric layer and the non-piezoelectric layer are not coextensive; and
the base portion is not attached to the proximate end of the non-piezoelectric layer.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein a difference in the measured impedance and the baseline impedance is indicative of a stress in the piezoelectric layer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is a quartz crystal microbalance sensor.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the medium comprises one of a liquid, a gas, and a vacuum.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining an amount of analyte accumulated on the sensor in accordance with the difference between the measured impedance and the baseline impedance.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analyte comprises at least one of a bioterrorism agent, a food-borne pathogen, a water pathogen, a cell type in a body fluids, a biomarker in a body fluid, an indication of an explosive material, an airborne toxin, a waterborne toxin, and a biological entity.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining a change in an amount of mass of an analyte accumulated on the sensor in accordance with the difference between the measured impedance and the baseline impedance, wherein the change in an amount of mass of the analyte is proportional the difference between the measured impedance and the baseline impedance.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is a piezoelectric cantilever sensor comprising:
a non-piezoelectric layer;
a piezoelectric layer;
a first base portion comprising a first portion of the asymmetric anchor coupled to one of the piezoelectric layer and the non-piezoelectric layer;
a second base portion comprising a second portion of the asymmetric anchor coupled to one of the piezoelectric layer and the non-piezoelectric layer; and
electrodes operatively associated with the piezoelectric layer, wherein at least a portion of the piezoelectric layer is coupled to at least a portion of the non-piezoelectric layer such that the piezoelectric layer and the non-piezoelectric layer are not coextensive.