Methods to diagnose and immunize against the virus causing human Merkel cell carcinoma
The present invention provides isolated or substantially purified polypeptides, nucleic acids, and virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from a Merkel cell carcinoma virus (MCV), which is a newly-discovered virus. The invention further provides monoclonal antibody molecules that bind to MCV polypeptides. The invention further provides diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic methods relating to the identification, prevention, and treatment of MCV-related diseases.
1. A method of assaying for Merkel cell carcinoma virus (MCV) exposure in a patient, the method comprising:
obtaining a tissue or fluid sample from the patient, and assaying the sample for the presence of at least one MCV molecule,
wherein the assaying comprises a process of exposing the sample to an agent that binds to at least one MCV molecule, and
wherein at least one MCV molecule is selected from the group of MCV molecules consisting of (a) an MCV nucleic acid (b) an MCV polypeptide, and (c) an antibody that binds specifically to an MCV polypeptide,
wherein a positive test for the presence of the MCV molecule within the sample is indicative of exposure of the patient to MCV.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the assaying comprises an ELISA assay comprising exposing the sample to an MCV polypeptide.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the MCV polypeptide is VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 and is within a virus-like particle (VLP).
4. A method of assaying for MCV neutralization, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining MCV VLPs that contain a reporter construct,
(b) exposing the VLPs to a sample to produce a preparation,
(c) exposing the preparation to cells amenable to infection by MCV, and
(d) assaying for the expression of the reporter within the cells,
wherein a lower level of expression of the reporter in the cells relative to a control indicates the presence of a neutralizing factor within the sample.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the sample is a fluid or tissue sample obtained from a patient.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the sample contains a candidate anti-MCV immunoglobulin.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is human.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is a non-human animal.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is a tissue sample and the assay comprises in situ hybridization.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one MCV molecule comprises at least one MCV RNA.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one MCV molecule comprises at least one MCV DNA.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one MCV molecule comprises at least one MCV polypeptide.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one MCV polypeptide is VP1.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one MCV polypeptide is VP2.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one MCV polypeptide is VP3.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one MCV polypeptide is a large T polypeptide.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one MCV polypeptide is a small T polypeptide.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein at least one MCV polypeptide is one or more of T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, and/or T-5.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one MCV molecule is an antibody that binds specifically to an MCV polypeptide.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the MCV polypeptide to which the antibody binds is VP1.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the MCV polypeptide to which the antibody binds is VP2.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the MCV polypeptide to which the antibody binds is VP3.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the MCV polypeptide to which the antibody binds is a large T polypeptide.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the MCV polypeptide to which the antibody binds is a small T polypeptide.
25. The method of claim 19 , wherein the MCV polypeptide to which the antibody binds is one or more of T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, and/or T-5.