Optical release of hydrogen from functionalized fullerenes as storage materials
A method to release hydrogen from a material comprising hydrogen fixed fullerenes involves irradiating the hydrogen fixed fullerenes with electromagnetic radiation of sufficient intensity to release hydrogen rapidly upon irradiation. The intensity of the irradiation and/or the area of irradiation can be adjusted to control the rate and extent of hydrogen release. The hydrogen depleted material comprising hydrogen fixed fullerene can be hydrogenated to regenerate the material.
1. A method of releasing stored hydrogen consisting essentially of the steps of:
providing hydrogen fixed fullerenes wherein said hydrogen fixed fullerenes are: C x H y , wherein x is 28 to 1500 and y is 2 to x; or C x M y H z , where M is Ti, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Ru, Sn, Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Al, Si or La, x is 28 to 1500, y is 1 to x, and z is 2 to x;
providing a polymer tape as a carrier for the hydrogen fixed fullerenes, and
irradiating said hydrogen fixed fullerenes in a substantially oxygen free environment and catalyst-free environment, with electromagnetic radiation of a sufficient intensity, whereupon absorption of said electromagnetic radiation by said hydrogen fixed fullerenes results in dehydrogenation such that resulting depleted hydrogen fixed fullerenes are capable of rehydrogenation to said hydrogen fixed fullerenes.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electromagnetic radiation ranges from 10 −12 m to 10 12 m in wavelength and comprises gamma rays, x-rays, extreme ultraviolet, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio wave or any combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said electromagnetic radiation is coherent or incoherent.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said oxygen free environment comprises a vacuum or a non-oxidizing gas atmosphere.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said hydrogen fixed fullerenes comprise hydrogen fixed to fullerenes, endohedral fullerenes, substituted fullerenes, functionalized fullerenes, or any mixture thereof.
6. A regenerable off-board system for hydrogenating, storing, and dehydrogenating fullerenes comprising:
hydrogen fixed fullerenes wherein said hydrogen fixed fullerenes are: C x H y , wherein x is 28 to 1500 and y is 2 to x; or C x M y H z , where M is Ti, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Ru, Sn, Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Al, Si or La, x is 28 to 1500, y is 1 to x, and z is 2 to x;
a polymer tape carrying hydrogen fixed fullerenes wound on a first spool and a second spool for rolling from said first spool to said second spool in a substantially oxygen free environment,
a source of electromagnetic radiation intensities of at least 1 mW/m 2 for irradiating said hydrogen fixed fullerenes on said polymeric tape situated to irradiate said polymeric tape while the tape is rolled from said first spool to said second spool wherein said second spool is wound with hydrogen depleted fullerenes.
7. A method of releasing stored hydrogen consisting of the steps of:
providing hydrogen fixed fullerenes wherein said hydrogen fixed fullerenes are: C x H y , wherein x is 28 to 1500 and y is 2 to x; or C x M y H z , where M is Ti, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Ru, Sn, Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Al, Si or La, x is 28 to 1500, y is 1 to x, and z is 2 to x;
providing a polymer tape as a carrier for the hydrogen fixed fullerenes, and
irradiating said hydrogen fixed fullerenes in a substantially oxygen free environment with electromagnetic radiation of an intensity of at least 1 mW/m 2 , whereupon absorption of said electromagnetic radiation by said hydrogen fixed fullerenes results in dehydrogenation such that resulting depleted hydrogen fixed fullerenes are capable of rehydrogenation to said hydrogen fixed fullerenes.