Simultaneous harmonic termination in a push-pull power amplifier
View Patent ↗Embodiments of circuits and systems for a harmonic tuning network coupled with a radio frequency (RF) push-pull power amplifier to terminate both second- and third-harmonic energies are disclosed. Other embodiments may also be described and claimed.
1. A circuit comprising:
a push-pull power amplifier configured to amplify a differential signal, the push-pull amplifier having a plurality of output stage transistors including a first transistor and a second transistor;
a harmonic tuning network coupled with the push-pull power amplifier and having at least one inductor and/or capacitor (L/C) segment configured to simultaneously terminate second-harmonic energy residing in common mode current flows and third-harmonic energy residing in differential mode current flows;
a transformer coupled with the harmonic tuning network;
a first transmission line coupled with the first transistor, the harmonic tuning network, and the transformer; and
a second transmission line coupled with the second transistor, the harmonic tuning network, and the transformer, wherein the harmonic tuning network is coupled between the first transmission line and the second transmission line.
2. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the transformer is configured to convert the differential signal to a single-ended signal.
3. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the harmonic tuning network includes:
a first L/C segment coupled with the first transmission line and a node;
a second L/C segment, which is identical to the first L/C segment, coupled with the second transmission line and the node; and
a third L/C segment coupled with ground and the node.
4. The circuit of claim 3 , wherein the first L/C segment includes a first inductor and a first capacitor and the second segment includes a second inductor and a second capacitor.
5. The circuit of claim 4 , wherein the third L/C segment comprises a third inductor.
6. The circuit of claim 5 , wherein a first combination of the first and second L/C segments is configured to terminate the third-harmonic energy residing in the differential mode current flows and a second combination of the first L/C segment, the second L/C segment, and the third L/C segment is configured to terminate the second-harmonic energy residing in the common mode current flows.
7. The circuit of claim 3 , wherein the harmonic tuning network further comprises:
a fourth L/C segment and a fifth L/C segment integrated with the first transmission line; and
a sixth L/C segment and a seventh L/C segment integrated with the second transmission line.
8. The circuit of claim 7 , wherein each of the fourth L/C segment, fifth L/C segment, sixth L/C segment, and the seventh L/C segments respectively include an inductor.
9. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the harmonic tuning network includes:
a first L/C segment coupled with and between the first transmission line and the second transmission line;
a second L/C segment coupled with the first segment and a ground; and
a third L/C segment coupled with the first segment and the ground.
10. The circuit of claim 9 , wherein the first L/C segment comprises:
a first capacitor, an inductor, and a second capacitor coupled in series with one another.
11. The circuit of claim 10 , wherein the inductor is a first inductor; the second L/C segment comprises a second inductor coupled with the first L/C segment at a first node that is between the first capacitor and the first inductor; and the third L/C segment comprises a third inductor coupled with the first L/C segment at a second node that is between the first inductor and the second capacitor.
12. The circuit of claim 11 , wherein the harmonic tuning network further comprises:
a fourth L/C segment and a fifth L/C segment integrated with the first transmission line; and
a sixth L/C segment and a seventh L/C segment integrated with the second transmission line.
13. The circuit of claim 3 , further comprising:
a first pi network of L/C segments integrated into the first transmission line and coupled with the first L/C segment; and
a second pi network of L/C segments integrated into the second transmission line and coupled with the second L/C segment.
14. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the at least one L/C segment includes an inductor and a capacitor coupled in series with one another.
15. A method comprising:
amplifying, with a push-pull power amplifier that has a plurality of output stage transistors including a first transistor coupled with a first transmission line and a second transistor coupled with a second transmission line, a differential radio frequency signal;
simultaneously terminating, with a harmonic tuning network that is coupled between the first and second transmission lines, second-harmonic energy residing in common mode current flows and third-harmonic energy residing in differential mode current flows; and
converting, with a transformer, the differential RF signal into a single-ended RF signal.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
providing, with the transformer, an impedance match at a fundamental frequency.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein said simultaneously terminating further comprises:
terminating the third-harmonic energy with a first combination of first and second segments; and
terminating the second-harmonic energy with a second combination of the first segment, the second segment, and a third segment.
18. A system comprising:
amplification circuitry including:
a push-pull power amplifier configured to amplify a differential radio-frequency (RF) signal and output the amplified differential RF signal on a first transmission line and a second transmission line;
a harmonic tuning network coupled with the first transmission line and the second transmission line and including a segment with an inductor coupled in series with a capacitor, the harmonic tuning network configured to terminate both second-harmonic energy residing in common mode current flows and third-harmonic energy residing in differential mode current flows; and
a transformer coupled with the first transmission line and the second transmission line and configured to convert the amplified differential RF signal to an amplified single-ended RF signal; and
an antenna structure coupled with the amplification circuitry and configured to facilitate an over-the-air (OTA) transmission of the amplified single-ended RF signal.
19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the harmonic tuning network is further configured to simultaneously terminate both the second-harmonic energy and the third-harmonic energy.
20. The system of claim 18 , wherein the segment is a first segment coupled with the first transmission line and a node and the harmonic tuning network further includes:
a second segment, which is identical to the first segment, coupled with the second transmission line and the node; and
a third segment coupled with ground and the node.
21. The system of claim 18 , wherein the harmonic tuning network includes a T network of segments, with each segment including an inductor and/or a capacitor.
22. The system of claim 18 , wherein the harmonic tuning network includes a pi network of segments, with each segment including an inductor and/or a capacitor.
23. The system of claim 18 , wherein the harmonic tuning network includes a T network and a pi network of segments, with each segment including an inductor and/or a capacitor.
24. A circuit comprising:
a push-pull power amplifier configured to amplify a differential signal and output the amplified differential signal along a pair of transmission lines;
a harmonic tuning network coupled with the push-pull power amplifier and having a first inductor and/or capacitor (L/C) segment and a second L/C segment, coupled with one another in series and between the pair of transmission lines, the first and second L/C segments configured to terminate both second-harmonic energy residing in common mode current flows and third-harmonic energy residing in differential mode current flows, and further configured to provide a virtual ground between the first L/C segment and the second L/C segment for differential mode current flows; and
a transformer coupled with the harmonic tuning network.
25. The circuit of claim 24 , further comprising:
a third L/C segment coupled with the node and ground and configured to terminate, in conjunction with the first and second L/C segments, second-harmonic energy residing in the common mode current flows.
26. The circuit of claim 25 , wherein the first L/C segment includes a first inductor and a first capacitor, the second L/C segment includes a second inductor and a second capacitor, and the third L/C segment includes a third inductor.