Polycrystalline foams exhibiting giant magnetic-field-induced deformation and methods of making and using same
Magnetic materials and methods exhibit large magnetic-field-induced deformation/strain (MFIS) through the magnetic-field-induced motion of crystallographic interfaces. The preferred materials are porous, polycrystalline composite structures of nodes connected by struts wherein the struts may be monocrystalline or polycrystalline. The materials are preferably made from magnetic shape memory alloy, including polycrystalline Ni—Mn—Ga, formed into an open-pore foam, for example, by space-holder technique. Removal of constraints that interfere with MFIS has been accomplished by introducing pores with sizes similar to grains, resulting in MFIS values of 0.12% in polycrystalline Ni—Mn—Ga foams, close to the best commercial magnetostrictive materials. Further removal of constraints has been accomplished by introducing pores smaller than the grain size, dramatically increasing MFIS to 2.0-8.7%. These strains, which remain stable over >200,000 cycles, are much larger than those of any polycrystalline, active material.
1. A foam alloy material comprising:
a polycrystalline porous structure of magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material;
said porous structure comprising struts of said magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material connected at nodes of said magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material, so that said porous structure comprises pores between said struts;
wherein at least a portion of said struts comprise twin boundaries that extend transversely across an entire strut.
2. A foam alloy material comprising:
a polycrystalline porous structure of magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material;
said porous structure comprising struts of said magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material connected at nodes of said magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material, so that said porous structure comprises pores between said struts;
wherein at least a portion of said struts comprise twin boundaries that extend transversely across an entire strut, wherein said struts are comprised of grains of said magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material and said pores are sized to be generally the size of said grains.
3. A foam alloy material as in claim 2 , wherein said the foam alloy material further comprising small pores inside said nodes.
4. A foam alloy material as in claim 3 , wherein said small pores are smaller than said grains.
5. A foam alloy material as in claim 3 , wherein said small pores are an order of magnitude smaller than said pores between the struts.
6. A foam alloy material as in claim 3 , wherein said small pores are 0.05-0.25 times the size of the pores between the struts.
7. A foam alloy material of claim 1 including alloys comprising nickel, manganese, and gallium.
8. A foam alloy material claim 1 including alloys comprising iron and platinum.
9. A foam alloy material claim 1 including alloys comprising iron and palladium.
10. A foam alloy material of claim 1 including alloys comprising nickel, cobalt, and gallium.
11. A foam alloy material of claim 7 which comprises at least 10 atomic percent each of nickel, manganese, and gallium.
12. A magnetic material comprising:
a polycrystalline porous structure of the solid magnetic material;
said porous structure comprising polycrystalline struts connected at nodes;
at least some of said polycrystalline struts including grain boundaries that extend transversely across an entire strut;
wherein said porous structure comprises pores between said struts and in said nodes, said pores being of at least two ranges of pore size comprising a first pore-size-range, and a second, smaller pore-size-range.
13. A material as in claim 12 , wherein said struts are comprised of grains of magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material and said pores of said first pore-size-range are generally the size of said grains.
14. A material as in claim 12 , wherein said pores of said second pore-size-range are inside said nodes.
15. A material as in claim 14 , wherein said struts are comprised of grains of magnetoplastic or magnetoelastic material and said pores of said second pore-size-range are smaller than said grains.
16. A material as in claim 12 , wherein said second pore-size-range is an order of magnitude smaller than said first pore-size-range.
17. A material as in claim 12 , wherein said second pore-size-range is 0.05-0.25 times said first pore-size-range.
18. A material as in claim 12 , wherein said first pore-size-range is 500-600 μm and said second pore-size-range is 75-90 μm.
19. The material of claim 12 including alloys comprising nickel, manganese, and gallium.
20. The material of claim 12 including alloys comprising iron and platinum.
21. The material of claim 12 including alloys comprising iron and palladium.
22. The material of claim 12 including alloys comprising nickel, cobalt, and gallium.
23. The material of claim 12 which comprises at least 10 atomic percent each of nickel, manganese, and gallium.