Ultra-efficient energy conversion device for converting light to electricity by rectifying surface plasmon polaritons

1. An energy conversion device for converting light into electricity comprising:

(a) a first dielectric medium for enabling input light propagation therein,

(b) a first metallic medium in physical contact with said first dielectric medium,

(c) a dielectric-metal interface common to said first dielectric medium and said first metallic medium,

(d) an array of surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) resonator cavities formed at a nano-scale and distributed in said first metallic medium below said dielectric-metal interface,

(e) each resonator cavity having a spherical interior structure configured to allow an approximately angle-independent and polarization-independent means of exciting SPPs, which encompasses a hollow interior so as to form a metal cathode in said first metallic medium, and a metal anode disposed within the hollow interior which is electrically isolated from said metal cathode and said first metallic medium,

(f) a second metallic medium coupled in electrical contact with the anodes of said SPP resonator cavities, and

(g) a second dielectric medium forming electrical insulation between said first metallic medium and said second metallic medium,

wherein each said cathode is spaced by a nano-scale gap from its respective anode such that input light propagating in said first dielectric medium is converted into standing waves of SPP excitations within said SPP resonator cavities below said dielectric-metal interface, and

wherein said spherical SPP resonator cavities are configured to enhance electric field interactions of standing waves of SPP excitations within said SPP resonator cavities to exceed a threshold needed for quantum field emission so that electrons are driven out of said cathode by the standing waves of SPP excitations into ballistic electrons that escape from said cathode and pass across said nano-scale gap to said anode which is coupled by said second metallic medium to an electrical output circuit.

2. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein said first metallic medium is formed with a thin surface layer at the dielectric-metal interface that has a 3-dimensional patterning for providing a momentum kick in the plane of the dielectric-metal interface to convert photons into SPP excitations states.

3. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein said patterned surface layer is formed with an array of apertures or voids positioned over the SPP resonator cavities so that the cavities are not totally enclosed.

4. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein said first metallic medium includes a ferromagnetic material for the purpose of reducing scattering losses.

5. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein said first metallic medium is formed with regions of noble metal and ferromagnetic material for reducing scattering losses.

6. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein at least one of said anode and said cathode is formed as a carbon nano-tube.

7. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein said SPP resonator cavities are formed in a plurality of diametral sizes corresponding to component light wavelengths to allow full spectrum energy conversion of broadband light input.

8. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein a gate electrode biased with a bias voltage is used to control the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode.

9. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , further comprising means for inducing a static magnetic field through said device to control SPP loss scattering.

10. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein the input light is sunlight and energy conversion efficiencies up to a theoretical maximum of 84% are obtained.

11. The energy conversion device in claim 1 , wherein the input light is blackbody radiation from a high temperature source.

12. The energy conversion device in claim 10 , further comprising a sun tracking system for redirecting incoming sunlight along an input light propagation path.

13. The energy conversion device of claim 12 , wherein said sun tracking system has an array formed by top and bottom transparent stators which encapsulate a row of cylindrical rotors formed with top and bottom transparent halves arranged in parallel, wherein the top and bottom stators and rotors have matched refractive indices designed to refract incoming sunlight along a predetermined light propagation path.

14. The energy conversion device of claim 13 , further comprising steering mechanisms for said cylindrical rotors formed by stator electrodes in patterned arrays of transparent, thin-film transistors.

15. The energy conversion device of claim 10 , further comprising an optical concentrator for concentrating incoming sunlight down to a focal target of said energy conversion device.

16. The energy conversion device of claim 15 , wherein said optical concentrator has a concentrator lens configured with shaped radial facets which redirect incoming sunlight by total internal reflection and focus it down to the focal target of said energy conversion device.

17. The energy conversion device of claim 16 , wherein said optical concentrator is configured to obtain a concentration factor in the range up to 10,000 suns.

18. The energy conversion device of claim 16 , wherein said device is formed with a surface area for input of concentrated sunlight in the range of about 1 mm 2 .