High power, high efficiency quantum cascade lasers with reduced electron leakage
Semiconductor structures and laser devices including the semiconductor structures are provided. The semiconductor structures have a quantum cascade laser (QCL) structure including an electron injector, an active region, and an electron extractor. The active region of the semiconductor structures includes a configuration of quantum wells and barriers that virtually suppresses electron leakage, thereby providing laser devices including such structures with superior electro-optical characteristics.
1. A semiconductor structure comprising:
an electron injector, an active region adjacent to the electron injector, and an electron extractor adjacent to the active region, the electron injector, active region, and electron extractor each comprising layers of semiconductor, the layers configured to provide alternating quantum wells and barriers,
wherein the active region comprises an injection barrier, an exit barrier, a first intermediate barrier between the injection barrier and the exit barrier, and a second intermediate barrier between the injection barrier and the exit barrier and downstream from the first intermediate barrier, wherein the energy of each the injection barrier, the exit barrier, the first intermediate barrier, and the second intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the barriers of the electron injector, and further wherein the energy of the injection barrier is less than the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the first intermediate barrier is less than the energy of the second intermediate barrier.
2. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to or greater than the energy of the injection barrier.
3. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to or greater than the energy of the injection barrier and the energy of the second intermediate barrier is equal to or less than the energy of the exit barrier.
4. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to or greater than the energy of the injection barrier and the energy of the second intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the exit barrier.
5. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , further comprising a third intermediate barrier between the first intermediate barrier and the second intermediate barrier, wherein the energy of the third intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the barriers in the electron injector.
6. The semiconductor structure of claim 5 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to or greater than the energy of the injection barrier, and the energy of the third intermediate barrier ranges from the energy of the first intermediate barrier to the energy of the second intermediate barrier.
7. The semiconductor structure of claim 5 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to or greater than the energy of the injection barrier, the energy of the second intermediate barrier is equal to or less than the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the third intermediate barrier ranges from the energy of the first intermediate barrier to the energy of the second intermediate barrier.
8. The semiconductor structure of claim 5 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to or greater than the energy of the injection barrier, the energy of the second intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the third intermediate barrier ranges from the energy of the first intermediate barrier to the energy of the second intermediate barrier.
9. The semiconductor structure of claim 5 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the injection barrier, the energy of the second intermediate barrier is equal to the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the third intermediate barrier is equal to the energy of the first intermediate barrier.
10. The semiconductor structure of claim 5 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to the energy of the injection barrier, the energy of the second intermediate barrier is equal to the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the third intermediate barrier is equal to the energy of the first intermediate barrier.
11. The semiconductor structure of claim 5 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is equal to the energy of the injection barrier, the energy of the second intermediate barrier is less than the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the third intermediate barrier is both greater than the energy of the first intermediate barrier and less than the energy of the second intermediate barrier.
12. The semiconductor structure of claim 5 , wherein the energy of the first intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the injection barrier, the energy of the second intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the third intermediate barrier is equal to the energy of the first intermediate barrier.
13. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein the injection barrier is a composite injection barrier comprising a first barrier layer and a second barrier layer.
14. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the quantum wells of the active region is a deep quantum well.
15. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein all of the quantum wells of the active region are deep quantum wells.
16. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor structure comprises quantum wells comprising InGaAs and barriers comprising AlInAs.
17. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein the active region comprises upper energy states 4 , 5 , and 6 , and the energy difference between energy states 4 and 5 (E 54 ) is at least about 70 meV.
18. The semiconductor structure of claim 17 , further wherein the energy difference between energy states 5 and 6 (E 65 ) is at least about 70 meV.
19. The semiconductor structure of claim 17 , further wherein the energy difference between energy states 5 and 6 (E 65 ) is at least about 100 meV.
20. The semiconductor structure of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor structure is configured to provide a laser device emitting radiation in the wavelength range of about 4 μm to about 5 μm.
21. The semiconductor structure of claim 20 , wherein the semiconductor structure is configured to provide the laser device characterized by a room temperature relative leakage current value (J leak /J th ) of no more than about 5%.
22. The semiconductor structure of claim 20 , wherein the semiconductor structure is configured to provide a laser device exhibiting a front-facet room temperature continuous wave maximum wallplug efficiency (η wp,max ) greater than about 20%.
23. A semiconductor structure comprising:
an electron injector, an active region adjacent to the electron injector, and an electron extractor adjacent to the active region, the electron injector, active region, and electron extractor each comprising layers of semiconductor, the layers configured to provide alternating quantum wells and barriers,
wherein the active region comprises an injection barrier, an exit barrier, a first intermediate barrier between the injection barrier and the exit barrier, and a second intermediate barrier between the injection barrier and the exit barrier and downstream from the first intermediate barrier, wherein the energy of each the exit barrier, the first intermediate barrier, and the second intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the barriers of the electron injector, and further wherein the energy of the injection barrier is less than the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the first intermediate barrier is less than the energy of the second intermediate barrier, and further wherein the semiconductor structure is configured to provide a laser device emitting at a wavelength greater than about 5 μm.
24. The semiconductor structure of claim 23 , wherein the semiconductor structure is configured to provide a laser device emitting at a wavelength greater than about 8 μm.
25. A laser device comprising a plurality of laser stages, each laser stage comprising the semiconductor structure of claim 23 .
26. A laser device comprising a plurality of laser stages, each laser stage comprising a semiconductor structure, the semiconductor structure comprising:
an electron injector, an active region adjacent to the electron injector, and an electron extractor adjacent to the active region, the electron injector, active region, and electron extractor each comprising layers of semiconductor, the layers configured to provide alternating quantum wells and barriers,
wherein the active region comprises an injection barrier, an exit barrier, a first intermediate barrier between the injection barrier and the exit barrier, and a second intermediate barrier between the injection barrier and the exit barrier and downstream from the first intermediate barrier, wherein the energy of each the injection barrier, the exit barrier, the first intermediate barrier, and the second intermediate barrier is greater than the energy of the barriers of the electron injector, and further wherein the energy of the injection barrier is less than the energy of the exit barrier, and the energy of the first intermediate barrier is less than the energy of the second intermediate barrier.