Process for the preparation of cladribine
A process for the preparation of cladribine of API grade is provided by direct coupling of O-protected 2-deoxy-ribofuranose with silylated 2-chloroadenine followed by deprotection of the resultant protected nucleoside in a separate step and then a purification step. Following the coupling, the desired N-9-glycosylated β-anomer of the nucleoside is directly isolated as a solid from the coupling reaction mixture by filtration in relatively high purity and yield, and it does not require purification.
1. A process for making cladribine of formula I
comprising:
a) coupling a compound of formula II
wherein each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl, x is 0, 1 or 2, y is 2, 1 or 0, and R 4 is hydrogen or SiR 1 R 2 R 3 , with a protected 2-deoxy-ribofuranose of formula III
wherein each of R 6 and R 7 is independently a hydroxyl protecting group, and R 5 is a leaving group in an organic solvent and in the presence of a sulfonic acid based Lewis or Brønsted acid at a temperature of between about 0° C. to about reflux of the organic solvent to obtain a reaction mixture comprising a β-anomer of formula IV
wherein x′ is 0, 1 or 2, y′ is 2, 1 or 0;
b) selectively precipitating the β-anomer of formula IV from the reaction mixture to obtain a heterogeneous mixture in the presence of acetonitrile;
c) isolating the precipitated β-anomer of formula IV from the heterogeneous mixture to obtain isolated and substantially enriched β-anomer of formula IV; and
d) converting the isolated and substantially enriched β-anomer of formula IV to cladribine.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the compound of formula II is prepared by silylating 2-chloroadenine with a silylating agent in an organic solvent or neat, wherein x is 0, 1, 2, y is 2, 1, 0, R 4 is hydrogen or SiR 1 R 2 R 3 , and when x is 2, y is 0, R 4 is SiR 1 R 2 R 3 .
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the silylating agent is N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a silylating agent.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydroxy protecting group is a halo-substituted aroyl group.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the leaving group is acetoxy.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, toluene, hexamethyldisilazane, N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, and combinations thereof.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is acetonitrile.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein prior to commencing the step of c), the process further comprises a step of maintaining the heterogeneous mixture formed in step b) at a temperature of 40 ° C. to 85 ° C. for at least 2 hours.