Optical modulator and optical transmitter
An optical modulator including: a substrate which has electro-optic effect; a Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer which is formed in the substrate and which includes a first waveguide and a second waveguide; a signal electrode which applies an electrical field to the Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer through being supplied with an electric signal corresponding to a signal for optical modulation; a ground electrode formed apart from the signal electrode; and a conductor section which is narrow in a middle thereof along the light propagating direction and which gradually becomes wider towards the starting end and the terminating ends thereof along the light propagating direction in an interacting portion at which the electric field applied by the signal electrode interacts with light propagating through the first waveguide and the second waveguide.
1. An optical modulator comprising:
a substrate which has electro-optic effect;
a Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer which is formed in the substrate and which includes a first waveguide and a second waveguide;
a signal electrode which applies an electrical field to the Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer through being supplied with an electric signal corresponding to a signal for optical modulation;
a ground electrode formed apart from the signal electrode; and
a conductor section which is narrow in a middle thereof along the light propagating direction and which gradually becomes wider as approaching both ends thereof along the light propagating direction in an interacting portion at which the electric field applied by the signal electrode interacts with light propagating through the first waveguide and the second waveguide.
2. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the conductor section includes a portion that linearly and gradually becomes wider as approaching the both ends along the light propagating direction in the interacting portion.
3. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the conductor section includes a portion that curvedly and gradually becomes wider as approaching the both ends along the light propagating direction in the interacting portion.
4. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the signal electrode is substantially symmetric with respect to a center axis of the substrate.
5. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a Z-cut substrate.
6. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein:
the signal electrode is formed above the first waveguide and the second waveguide;
the signal electrode bends one or more times to be alternately over the first waveguide and the second waveguide;
the interacting portion is divided into a plurality of interacting subsections at points at which a waveguide under the signal electrode switches between the first waveguide and the second waveguide;
the conductor section includes a plurality of conductor subsections corresponding one to each of the plurality of interacting subsections; and
each of the plurality of conductor subsections is narrow in a middle thereof along the light propagating direction and which gradually becomes wider as approaching both ends thereof along the light propagating direction in an interacting portion.
7. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate is an X-cut substrate.
8. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the conductor section is a part or the entire part of the ground electrode.
9. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the conductor section is a floating electrode.
10. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein:
the ground electrode has a hollow which is wide in a middle of the hollow along the light propagating direction and which gradually becomes narrower as approaching both ends of the hollow along the light propagating direction, so that the ground electrode includes a first portion and a second position between which the hollow is interposed;
the first portion, disposed between the signal electrode and the hollow, has a uniform width along the light propagating direction; and
the second portion, disposed on the opposite side of the hollow to the first portion, gradually becomes wider as approaching both ends of the second portion.
11. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein the ground electrode extends outside the interacting portion in the light propagating section except for portions at which the Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer is formed.
12. The optical modulator according to claim 11 , further comprising a third electrode substantially parallel to a portion of the ground electrode, the portion extending outside the interacting portion.
13. The optical modulator according to claim 1 , wherein:
the ground electrode includes a plurality of layers sequentially deposited,
each of the plurality of layers is narrow in a middle thereof and gradually becomes wider as approaching both ends thereof along the light propagating direction in the interacting portion; and
the plurality of layers have different width in the middles thereof and have different degrees of gradually becoming wider as approaching the both ends thereof.
14. An optical transmitter comprising an optical modulator comprising:
a substrate which has electro-optic effect;
a Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer which is formed in the substrate and which includes a first waveguide and a second waveguide;
a signal electrode which applies an electrical field to the Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer through being supplied with an electric signal corresponding to a signal for optical modulation;
a ground electrode formed apart from the signal electrode; and
a conductor section which is narrow in a middle thereof along the light propagating direction and which gradually becomes wider as approaching both ends thereof along the light propagating direction in an interacting portion at which the electric field applied by the signal electrode interacts with light propagating through the first waveguide and the second waveguide.