Methods for treatment of kallikrein-related disorders
We have identified classes of kallikrein inhibitors as compounds that are useful in the reduction of vascular permeability (e.g., retinal vascular permeability and cerebral vascular permeability) and astrocyte activation. Diseases and conditions associated with increased vascular permeability include diabetic retinopathy, hemorrhagic stroke, and macular edema. Diseases and conditions associated with astrocyte activation include Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, stroke, epilepsy, and brain trauma.
1. A method for decreasing vascular permeability in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound having the formula I:
wherein Ar is a bond or an aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of benzene, pyridine, and pyrimidine;
the subscript m is an integer of from 0 to 5;
each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )haloalkyl, halogen, —OH, —OR 1 , —OSi(R 1 ) 3 , —OC(O)O—R 1 , —OC(O)R 1 , —OC(O)NHR 1 , —OC(O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —SH, —SR 1 , —S(O)R 1 , —S(O) 2 R 1 , —SO 2 NH 2 , —S(O) 2 NHR 1 , —S(O) 2 N(R 1 ) 2 , —NHS(O) 2 R 1 , —NR 1 S(O) 2 R 1 , —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NHR 1 , —C(O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —C(O)R 1 , —C(O)H, —C(═S)R 1 , —NHC(O)R 1 , —NR 1 C(O)R 1 , —NHC(O)NH 2 , —NR 1 C(O)NH 2 , —NR 1 C(O)NHR 1 , —NHC(O)NHR 1 , —NR 1 C(O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —NHC(O)N(R 1 ) 2 , —CO 2 H, —CO 2 R 1 , —NHCO 2 R 1 , —NR 1 CO 2 R 1 , —R 1 , —CN, —NO 2 , —NH 2 , —NHR 1 , —N(R 1 ) 2 , —NR 1 S(O)NH 2 , —NR 1 S(O) 2 NHR 1 , —NH 2 C(═NR 1 )NH 2 , —N═C(NH 2 )NH 2 , —C(═NR 1 )NH 2 , —NH—OH, —NR 1 —OH, —NR 1 —OR 1 , —N═C═O, —N═C═S, —Si(R 1 ) 3 , —NH—NHR 1 , —NHC(O)NHNH 2 , NO, —N═C═NR 1 , and —S—CN, wherein each R 1 is independently alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl;
L is a linking group selected from the group consisting of a bond, CH 2 , and SO 2 ; Q a , Q b , and Q c are each members independently selected from the group consisting of N, S, O, and C(R q ) wherein each R q is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-8 alkyl, halo, and phenyl, and the ring having Q a , Q b , Q c , and Y as ring vertices is a five-membered ring having two double bonds;
Y is a member selected from the group consisting of C and N;
when Ar is a bond, m is 1;
when Ar is an aromatic ring, m is an integer of from 0-5; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein Ar is an aromatic ring selected from the group consisting of benzene, pyridine, and pyrimidine.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein Ar is a bond and m is 1.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said compound has the formula Ia:
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein L is a bond and Y is N.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein L is a bond, Y is N and Ar is a benzene ring.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein Q a , Q b , and Q c are each independently C(R q ).
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein Q b is N.
9. The method of claim 2 , wherein Y is C; Q a is S, and Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl and pyridyl.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein Q c is C.
11. The method of claim 2 wherein L is CH 2 and Y is N.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein Q a is C.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein Q b and Q c are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and C(R q ).
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein Ar is benzene or pyridine.
15. The method of claim 2 , wherein Lisa bond and Y is C.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein Q b is O; and Q a and Q c are each C(R q ).
17. The method of claim 2 , wherein L is SO 2 and Y is N.
18. The method of claim 2 , wherein each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, aryl, aryl(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), halogen, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —N(C 1 -C 8 alkyl) 2 , —CN, —C(═O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —(C═O)NH 2 , —(C═O)NH(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —C(═O)N(C 1 -C 8 alkyl) 2 , —OH, —COOH, —COO(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —OCO(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —O(C═O)O(C 1 -C 8 alkyl)-NO 2 , —SH, —S(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —NH(C═O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —NH(C═O)O(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —O(C═O)NH(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —SO 2 (C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —NHSO 2 (C 1 -C 8 alkyl), and —SO 2 NH(C 1 -C 8 alkyl).
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein each R a is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, phenyl, phenyl (C 1 -C 8 alkyl), halogen, —CN, —NH, —NH(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —N(C 1 -C 8 alkyl) 2 , —(C═O)CH 3 , —(C═O)NH 2 , —OH, —COOH, —COO(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —OCO(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —O(C═O)O(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —NO 2 , —SH, —S(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), and —NH(C═O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl).
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein R a is halogen.
21. The method of claim 2 , wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of:
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein said subject has increased vascular permeability.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein said subject has type 1 or type 2 diabetes, hypertension, insulin resistance, ketoacidosis, trauma, infection, or hyperglycemia.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein said subject has suffered from, or is at increased risk of having, a hemorrhagic stroke, an intracerebral hemorrhage, a hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke, a cerebral trauma associated with injury or surgery, a brain aneurysm, a high altitude edema, or arterial-venous malformation.