Method of operating thermal equipment fed with aluminum and titanium in order to reduce high-temperature corrosion and fouling
The invention provides methods of operating thermal equipment, for example, gas turbines and methods for protecting hot parts of thermal equipment from, for example, corrosion by ash from an alkali metal or from lead; fouling by ash of an alkaline-earth metal, lead or a transition metal; and the combined effects of an alkali metal, lead, an alkaline-earth metal or a transition metal.
1. A method of operating thermal equipment, wherein said thermal equipment comprises a fuel and an oxidizer and is fed with a number of fluids, at least one of which fluids includes at least one metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, lead, alkaline-earth metals and transition metals, said method comprising feeding said thermal equipment with aluminum and titanium, in the form of compounds comprising aluminum and titanium at a dosage ratio R, defined by the expression ([Al]+[Ti])/[Y] in which [Y] represents the maximum of the following values: ([Na]+[K]); (1.5x[Ca]+0.5x[Mg]); [Pb]; 0.5x([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]) and the generic notation [M] denotes the mass concentration of the metal “M” in all the fluids supplying the combustion chamber, wherein R is equal to or greater than 2.5, wherein the titanium mass fraction is defined by the expression [Ti]/([Al]+[Ti]), in which [Ti] and [Al] represent the titanium mass concentration and aluminum mass concentration, respectively, in all said fluids feeding said thermal equipment, and wherein the titanium mass fraction has a value equal to or greater than 0.1.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said transition metal is nickel, copper or zinc.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the titanium mass fraction is: (i) between 0.4 and 0.6 when Y is equal to (1.5*[Ca]+0.5*[Mg]) or equal to 0.5*([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]); or (ii) between 0.1 and 0.3 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb].
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the titanium mass fraction is equal to 0.5 when Y is equal to (1.5*[Ca]+0.5*[Mg]) or Y is equal to 0.5*([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]).
5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the titanium mass fraction is equal to 0.2 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb].
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the dosage ratio R is:
(i) between 2.5 and 3.5 when Y is equal to (1.5*[Ca]+0.5*[Mg]) or equal to 0.5*([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]);
(ii) between 4 and 5 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb], when the thermal equipment does not include parts made of an alumina-forming superalloy and when the SO x content in the combustion products does not exceed 50 ppm by volume; or
(iii) between 4.5 and 5.5 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb] and when the thermal equipment includes parts made of an alumina-forming superalloy or when the SO x content in the combustion products exceeds 50 ppm by volume.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the dosage ratio R is equal to 3 when Y is equal to (1.5*[Ca]+0.5*[Mg]) or Y is equal to 0.5*([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]).
8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the dosage ratio R is equal to 4.5 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb].
9. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the dosage ratio R is equal to 5 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb] and when the thermal equipment includes parts made of an alumina-forming superalloy or when the SO x content in products of combustion exceeds 50 ppm by volume.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the compounds comprising aluminum and titanium are in a form selected from the group consisting of a liposoluble form, a water-soluble form, a water-in-oil emulsion or microemulsion; an oil-in-water emulsion or microemulsion, an aqueous suspension and an organic suspension.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the compounds comprising aluminum and titanium are the form of an aqueous or an organic nanoscale suspension.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said thermal equipment comprises a combustion chamber and the method further comprises feeding the compounds comprising aluminum and titanium into the combustion chamber.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the thermal equipment is selected from the group consisting of gas turbines, diesel engines, boilers, furnaces, incinerators and aircraft jet engines.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the thermal equipment is a gas turbine having a firing temperature that is equal to or greater than 900° C.
15. A method for protecting hot parts of thermal equipment from:
(i) corrosion by ash from an alkali metal or from lead;
(ii) fouling by ash of an alkaline-earth metal, lead or a transition metal; and
(iii) the combined effects of an alkali metal, lead, an alkaline-earth metal or a transition metal;
wherein said thermal equipment comprises a fuel and oxidizer and is fed with a number of fluids, at least one of which fluids includes at least one metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, lead, alkaline-earth metals and transition metals, said method comprising feeding said thermal equipment with aluminum and titanium, in the form of compounds comprising aluminum and titanium at a dosage ratio R, defined by the expression ([Al]+[Ti])/[Y] in which [Y] represents the maximum of the following values: ([Na]+[K]); (1.5x[Ca]+0.5x[Mg]); [Pb]; 0.5x([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]) and the generic notation [M] denotes the mass concentration of the metal “M” in all the fluids supplying the combustion chamber, wherein R is equal to or greater than 2.5, wherein the titanium mass fraction is defined by the expression [Ti]/([Al]+[Ti]), in which [Ti] and [Al] represent the titanium mass concentration and aluminum mass concentration, respectively, in all said fluids feeding said thermal equipment, and wherein the titanium mass fraction has a value equal to or greater than 0.1.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein said transition metal is nickel, copper or zinc.
17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the titanium mass fraction is either: (i) between 0.4 and 0.6 when Y is equal to (1.5*[Ca]+0.5*[Mg]) or equal to 0.5*([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]); or (ii) between 0.1 and 0.3 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb].
18. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the dosage ratio R is:
(i) between 2.5 and 3.5 when Y is equal to (1.5*[Ca]+0.5*[Mg]) or equal to 0.5*([Zn]+[Cu]+[Ni]);
(ii) between 4 and 5 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb], when the thermal equipment does not include parts made of an alumina-forming superalloy and when the SO x content in the combustion products does not exceed 50 ppm by volume; or
(iii) between 4.5 and 5.5 when Y is equal to ([Na]+[K]) or [Pb] and when the thermal equipment includes parts made of an alumina-forming superalloy or when the SO x content in the combustion products exceeds 50 ppm by volume.