Flexoelectric—piezoelectric composite based on flexoelectric charge separation
An example flexoelectric-piezoelectric apparatus provides an electrical response to an applied force, and/or an actuation in response to an applied electric field, that originates from the flexoelectric properties of a component. For example, shaped forms within the apparatus may be configured to yield a stress gradient on application of the force, and the stress gradient induces the flexoelectric signal. A flexoelectric-piezoelectric apparatus can be substituted for a conventional piezoelectric apparatus, but does not require the use of a piezoelectric material. Instead, the response of the apparatus is due to the generation of stress gradients and/or field gradients.
1. An apparatus providing an electrical signal in response to an applied force, the apparatus comprising:
a first substrate;
a second substrate;
a shaped form located between the first substrate and the second substrate;
a distorter element that is urged against the shaped form on application of the force between the first and second substrates,
the distorter element inducing the flexural deformation of the shaped form,
the applied force being applied between the first and second substrates, the shaped form being configured so that the applied force induces a stress gradient the shaped form,
the stress gradient arising from a flexural deformation of shaped form; and
first and second electrodes providing an electrical signal in response to the applied force, the electrical signal originating from a flexoelectric effect in the shaped form.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , the apparatus providing no appreciable mechanical response in response to an electric field applied between the first and second electrodes.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , the shaped form being a sheet that undergoes a flexural deformation on application of the force between the first and second substrates.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , the sheet being a ceramic sheet.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , the ceramic sheet having a sheet thickness, the sheet thickness being less than 1 mm.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , the distorter element being a wire.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , the apparatus including a plurality of distorter elements.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the shaped form is a ceramic sheet, the plurality of distorter elements inducing a corrugation of the ceramic sheet on application of the force.