Devices and Methods for Tissue Engineering
A tissue scaffold fabricated from bioinert fiber forms a rigid three-dimensional porous matrix having a bioinert composition. Porosity in the form of interconnected pore space is provided by the space between the bioinert fiber in the porous matrix. Strength of the porous matrix is provided by bioinert fiber fused and bonded into the rigid three-dimensional matrix having a specific pore size and pore size distribution. The tissue scaffold supports tissue in-growth to provide osteoconductivity as a tissue scaffold, used for the repair of damaged and/or diseased bone tissue.
1 . A porous tissue scaffold comprising:
bioinert fibers bonded together to provide a rigid three-dimensional matrix;
interconnected pore space in the rigid three-dimensional matrix, the interconnected pore space having a pore size distribution predetermined by volatile components present before the bioinert fibers are bonded together; and
the rigid three-dimensional matrix forming a porous tissue scaffold having a bioinert composition.
2 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the bioinert fibers bonded together comprise sintered fibers.
3 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the pore size distribution has a mode between about 50 microns and 600 microns.
4 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the pore size distribution has a bi-modal size distribution.
5 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the bioinert fibers have a diameter ranging from about 3 microns to about 500 microns.
6 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 5 wherein the bioinert fibers have a diameter ranging from about 25 microns to about 200 microns.
7 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 5 wherein the bioinert fibers have a length of about 3 to about 1000 times the diameter.
8 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 7 wherein the length has a bimodal distribution.
9 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the bioinert fibers have a composition comprising titanium.
10 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the bioinert fibers have a composition comprising stainless steel.
11 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 1 wherein the bioinert fibers have a composition comprising tantalum.
12 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 10 further comprising a bonding phase having a composition comprising calcium phosphate.
13 . A porous tissue scaffold comprising:
fibers in an intertangled relationship, the fibers having a bioinert composition;
a bioinert material forming bonds between overlapping and adjacent fibers;
the fibers and bioinert material providing a rigid three-dimensional matrix;
interconnected pore space in the rigid three-dimensional matrix, the interconnected pore space having a pore size distribution predetermined by volatile components; and
the rigid three-dimensional matrix forming a porous tissue scaffold.
14 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the bonds comprise at least one of a glass, glass-ceramic, ceramic, and metal bonds.
15 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the pore size distribution has a mode between about 100 microns and 500 microns.
16 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the pore size distribution has a bi-modal size distribution.
17 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the fibers have a diameter ranging from about 2 microns to about 500 microns.
18 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 17 wherein the fibers have a diameter ranging from about 25 microns to about 200 microns.
19 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 17 wherein the fibers have a length of about 3 to about 1000 times the diameter.
20 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the fibers have a composition comprising titanium.
21 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the fibers have a composition comprising stainless steel.
22 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the fibers have a composition comprising tantalum.
23 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the bioinert material has a composition comprising calcium phosphate.
24 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 wherein the three-dimensional matrix has an elastic modulus in the range of about 0.1 GPa to about 3.5 GPa.
25 . The porous tissue scaffold according to claim 13 further comprising a functional material on the surface of the three dimensional matrix.
26 . A method of forming a porous tissue scaffold comprising:
mixing bioinert fiber with binder, a pore former, and a liquid to provide a homogeneous mixture;
forming the homogeneous mixture into a shaped object;
curing the shaped object into the tissue scaffold; and
applying a functional material to the tissue scaffold.
27 . The method according to claim 26 wherein the step of applying a functional material comprises adding the functional material to the homogeneous mixture during the mixing step.
28 . The method according to claim 26 wherein the step of applying a functional material comprises adding the functional material to the tissue scaffold during the curing step.
29 . The method according to claim 26 wherein the step of applying a functional material comprises at least one of an immersion process, a chemical vapor deposition process and a cathodic arc deposition process.