Shape memory polymers
New shape memory polymer compositions, methods for synthesizing new shape memory polymers, and apparatus comprising an actuator and a shape memory polymer wherein the shape memory polymer comprises at least a portion of the actuator. A shape memory polymer comprising a polymer composition which physically forms a network structure wherein the polymer composition has shape-memory behavior and can be formed into a permanent primary shape, re-formed into a stable secondary shape, and controllably actuated to recover the permanent primary shape. Polymers have optimal aliphatic network structures due to minimization of dangling chains by using monomers that are symmetrical and that have matching amine and hydroxyl groups providing polymers and polymer foams with clarity, tight (narrow temperature range) single transitions, and high shape recovery and recovery force that are especially useful for implanting in the human body.
1. A crosslinked thermoset shape memory polyurethane polymer medical device comprising:
a crosslinked thermoset polyurethane polymer comprising a covalently bonded network structure and a reaction product of an aliphatic diisocyanate monomer reacted with at least one symmetric hydroxyl containing monomer;
wherein said polymer has shape memory behavior and is formed into a permanent primary shape, re-formed into a stable secondary shape, and is configured to be controllably actuated to recover said permanent primary shape;
wherein the diisocyanate monomer and the at least one symmetric hydroxyl containing monomer are formulated to a 1:1 ratio of isocyanate to hydroxyl functional groups;
wherein the at least one symmetric hydroxyl containing monomer includes at least one of N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED) and triethanol amine (TEA);
wherein the polymer has a Young's modulus in a range of 1 to 100 MPa at a temperature above a glass transition temperature of the polymer.
2. The device of claim 1 :
wherein the diisocyanate monomer includes hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and the at least one symmetric hydroxyl containing monomer includes HPED and TEA.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein the diisocyanate monomer is hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and the at least one symmetric hydroxyl containing monomer is HPED.
4. The device of claim 3 wherein the mole ratio of HDI to HPED is 2 to 1.
5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the polymer has biocompatibility and biostability and the diisocyanate monomer contains no ether or ester linkages.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein the polymer is dyed.
7. The device of claim 3 wherein the polymer is dyed with indocyanine green or platinum based dyes.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein the diisocyanate monomer is symmetric.
9. The device of claim 2 wherein the polymer also contains additional material selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes, exfoliated clay, glass fibers, carbon fibers, mineral fillers, metal fillers, glassy polymers, and liquid crystalline polymers.
10. The device of claim 9 wherein the additional material includes glassy polymers whose refractive index is matched to that of the polymer to which the additional material is added in order to minimize light scattering.
11. The device of claim 1 wherein the diisocyanate monomer and the at least one symmetric hydroxyl containing monomer are selected to minimize dangling chains.
12. The device of claim 2 wherein the diisocyanate monomer is symmetric in structure.
13. The device of claim 2 wherein the HDI composes between 53.9-61.0 weight % of the polymer, the HPED composes between 10.8-47 weight % of the polymer, and the TEA composes 0-28.2 weight % of the polymer.