Methods of treating pre-malignant ductal cancer with autophagy inhibitors
Described herein are progenitor cancer cells and cell lines isolated from human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions and the uses of these cells or cell lines in drug design, drug screening, and monitoring in vivo therapy. The DCIS malignant precursor cells or cell lines are epithelial in origin, are positive for markers of autophagy, show at least one genetic difference from normal cells of said fragment, form 3-D tube-like structures or ball aggregates, or are inhibited in formation of 3-D structures and migration by treatment with chloroquine. In one embodiment, there is a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) that is narrowly confined to a region of chromosome 6p (6p21.1-6p12.3) that contains the SUPT3H gene.
1. An isolated population of living human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells treated in an artificial serum free culture media comprising buffered salts, epidermal growth factor and insulin, wherein the cells (i) are epithelial in origin, (ii) comprise one or more markers of autophagy, (iii) show at least one genetic difference from normal cells, (iv) form 3-D spheroids or duct-like structures or ball aggregates without enzymatic digestion and (v) are inhibited in formation of 3-D structures and migration by treatment with chloroquine.
2. The population of DCIS cells of claim 1 , wherein said cells express an increased level of one or more of CD44, COX2 or MMP-14, or a decreased level of CD24 or E-Cadherin compared to monolayer anchorage dependent epithelial cells.
3. An isolated population of living human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells treated in an artificial serum free culture media comprising buffered salts, epidermal growth factor and insulin, wherein the cells (i) are epithelial in origin, (ii) comprise one or more markers of autophagy, (iii) show at least one genetic difference from normal cells, (iv) form 3-D spheroids or duct-like structures or ball aggregates and (v) are inhibited in formation of 3-D structures and migration by treatment with chloroquine, wherein said genetic difference is selected from the group consisting of a loss of copy number of 6p21.1 to 6p12.3, a loss of heterozygosity at SUPT3H gene, a gain of copy number at 5p12 to 5p13.3 or a gain of copy number at 17q22 to 17q25.1.
4. A method of making a strain of human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells from a patient comprising
(A) establishing in a container a serum-free organ culture supplemented with epidermal growth factor and insulin and comprising fragments of breast tissue containing stroma, adipose and ductal elements, among which are ductal carcinoma in situ lesions, and
(B) allowing the tissue to attach to the container and allowing the DCIS cells to migrate out of the tissue such that the DCIS cells without enzymatic dissociation or immortalization spontaneously form 3-D spherical and ductal tubular structures that contain cells that show at least one genetic difference from normal cells.
5. A method of assessing whether a potential therapeutic agent is useful for the treatment of human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) comprising administering in vitro said potential therapeutic agent to the population of DCIS cells of claim 1 , culturing said cells, and determining whether said therapeutic agent inhibits the growth of said cells, proliferation of said cells or tendency of said cells to invade or metastasize.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said determination step involves evaluating exposed DCIS cells for autophagy.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein said determination step involves histomorphologically evaluating exposed DCIS cells.
8. A method of assessing whether a potential therapeutic agent is useful for the treatment of human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), comprising transplanting a population of DCIS cells of claim 1 to a non-human animal model, administering said potential therapeutic agent to said xenotransplant, and determining whether said therapeutic agent inhibits the growth of said cells, proliferation of said cells or tendency of said cells to invade or metastasize.
9. A method of selecting a treatment for a patient with human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), comprising
(A) isolating from said patient human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells as described in claim 4 ;
(B) administering in vitro a potential therapeutic agent to said DCIS cells;
(C) culturing said cells; and
(D) determining whether said therapeutic agent inhibits the growth of said cells, proliferation of said cells or tendency of said cells to invade or metastasize; and
(E) selecting a treatment based upon said determination.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising repeating steps (A) to (D) after a selected treatment has been administered to said patient.
11. A method of monitoring the efficacy of a treatment of a patient with human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), comprising
(A) isolating from said patient human breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells as described in claim 4 ;
(B) administering in vitro said potential therapeutic agent to said DCIS cells;
(C) culturing said cells; and
(D) determining whether said therapeutic agent inhibits the growth of said cells, proliferation of said cells or tendency of said cells to invade or metastasize.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein steps (A) to (D) are performed more than once during the course of treatment.
13. A method of treating breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in a patient, or preventing or limiting progression of breast DCIS in a patient, comprising identifying in said patient breast DCIS and administering to the patient having breast DCIS an effective amount of an autophagy inhibitor selected from the group consisting of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, 3-methyladenine, clomipramine, ethyl pyruvate and glycyrrhizin.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the autophagy inhibitor is chloroquine.
15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising administering to the patient a chemotherapeutic agent.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is a kinase inhibitor.
17. A method for identifying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) malignant precursor cells, comprising (a) assaying for loss of heterozygosity of SUPT3H gene; (b) assaying for ability to form outgrowths in the presence of chloroquine; and (c) identifying cells that display both loss of heterozygosity and inability to form outgrowths in the presence of chloroquine.
18. A method for treating breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in a patient, comprising identifying in said patient breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and administering to the patient an effective amount of an autophagy inhibitor, wherein said autophagy inhibitor blocks and/or suppresses autophagy.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein said autophagy inhibitor is chloroquine.