System and method for detecting defects

1. A system, comprising:

a charge source for generating a charging environment to produce at least one of a steady-state or quasi steady-state voltage profile and a steady-state or quasi steady-state current on an area of dielectric material disposed over a substrate, wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a first area containing a subsurface defect, and wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a second area that is defect-free; and

at least one voltage measurement device for outputting voltage measurements at different positions over the area of dielectric material, wherein voltage measurements over the first area differ from voltage measurements over the second area to define a voltage differential.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the charge source comprises any of: an electron gun, an ionizer, a gas, a powder, a first material that is different than the dielectric material to cause electrical charging of the dielectric material when rubbed against the dielectric material.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the subsurface defect is caused by a separation between a portion of the dielectric material and the substrate.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one voltage measurement device comprises a non-contact voltmeter probe.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one voltage measurement device comprises a plurality of voltage measurement devices.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the charge source is for generating a charging environment based on physical properties of the dielectric material such that a breakdown strength of the dielectric material is not exceeded.

7. The system of claim 1 , comprising at least one processor in communication with at least one computer-readable medium, wherein the at least one computer-readable medium comprises instructions for causing the at least one processor to at least one of: monitor an operating parameter of the system and control the operating parameter of the system.

8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one processor is to control an operating parameter of the charge source.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the charge source emits a charging current, and wherein the at least one processor is to control the charge source based on at least one predetermined combination of charging current density and energy that is non-damaging to the dielectric material.

10. The system of claim 7 , wherein the at least one processor is to:

receive the measurements from the voltage measurement device; and

analyze the received measurements to detect the voltage differential.

11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the at least one processor is to:

receive positional feedback from one or more position sensors to indicate positions of the measurements over the area of dielectric material; and

determine a position of the voltage differential on the area of dielectric material based on the received positional feedback.

12. The system of claim 7 , comprising at least one actuator to control a position of the voltage measurement device relative to the area of dielectric material in response to a positioning signal received by the at least one actuator from the at least one processor.

13. A method, comprising:

generating with a charge source a charging environment to produce at least one of a steady-state or quasi steady-state voltage profile and a steady-state or quasi steady-state current on an area of dielectric material disposed over a substrate, wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a first area containing a subsurface defect, and wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a second area that is defect-free; and

measuring voltages over the area of dielectric material at different positions using at least one voltage measurement device, wherein voltage measurements over the first area differ from voltage measurements over the second area to define a voltage differential.

14. The method of claim 13 , comprising controlling the charge source to generate the charging environment such that a breakdown strength of the dielectric material is not exceeded.

15. The method of claim 14 , comprising controlling the charge source to generate the charging environment based on at least one predetermined combination of charging current density and energy that is non-damaging to the dielectric material.

16. The method of claim 14 , comprising controlling the charge source based on a dependency of the charge source on one or more experimentally-determined operating parameters of the charge source.

17. The method of claim 13 , comprising measuring voltages over the area of dielectric material using a non-contact voltmeter probe.

18. The method of claim 13 , comprising:

analyzing the measured voltages to detect the voltage differential.

19. The method of claim 18 , comprising:

receiving positional feedback to indicate positions of the measurements over the area of dielectric material; and

determining a position of the voltage differential on the area of dielectric material based on the received positional feedback.

20. A method, comprising:

producing a voltage differential between a first area of a dielectric material and a second area of the dielectric material by using a charge source, wherein the dielectric material is disposed over a substrate, and wherein the first area of the dielectric material is delaminated from the substrate and the second area of the dielectric material is not delaminated from the substrate; and

determining a position of the first area of dielectric material by determining a position of the voltage differential; determining at least one combination of charging current density and energy that is non- damaging to the dielectric material; and controlling the charge source in accordance with the at least one combination of charging current density and energy.

21. The method of claim 20 , comprising determining a position of the voltage differential by scanning the dielectric material using a non-contact voltmeter probe.

22. A system, comprising:

a charge source for generating a charging environment to produce at least one of a voltage profile and a current on an area of dielectric material disposed over a substrate, wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a first area containing a subsurface defect, and wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a second area that is defect-free, and wherein the charge source emits a charging current;

at least one voltage measurement device for outputting voltage measurements at different positions over the area of dielectric material, wherein voltage measurements over the first area differ from voltage measurements over the second area to define a voltage differential; and

at least one processor in communication with at least one computer-readable medium, wherein the at least one computer-readable medium comprises instructions for causing the at least one processor to control an operating parameter of the charge source based on at least one predetermined combination of charging current density and energy that is non-damaging to the dielectric material.

23. A system, comprising:

a charge source for generating a charging environment to produce at least one of a voltage profile and a current on an area of dielectric material disposed over a substrate, wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a first area containing a subsurface defect, and wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a second area that is defect-free;

at least one voltage measurement device for outputting voltage measurements at different positions over the area of dielectric material, wherein voltage measurements over the first area differ from voltage measurements over the second area to define a voltage differential; and

at least one processor in communication with at least one computer-readable medium, wherein the at least one computer-readable medium comprises instructions for causing the at least one processor to:

at least one of monitor an operating parameter of the system and control the operating parameter of the system;

receive the measurements from the voltage measurement device;

analyze the received measurements to detect the voltage differential;

receive positional feedback from one or more position sensors to indicate positions of the measurements over the area of dielectric material; and

determine a position of the voltage differential on the area of dielectric material based on the received positional feedback.

24. A system, comprising:

a charge source for generating a charging environment to produce at least one of a voltage profile and a current on an area of dielectric material disposed over a substrate, wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a first area containing a subsurface defect, and wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a second area that is defect-free;

at least one voltage measurement device for outputting voltage measurements at different positions over the area of dielectric material, wherein voltage measurements over the first area differ from voltage measurements over the second area to define a voltage differential;

at least one processor in communication with at least one computer-readable medium, wherein the at least one computer-readable medium comprises instructions for causing the at least one processor to at least one of: monitor an operating parameter of the system and control the operating parameter of the system; and

at least one actuator to control a position of the voltage measurement device relative to the area of dielectric material in response to a positioning signal received by the at least one actuator from the at least one processor.

25. A method, comprising:

generating a charging environment to produce at least one of a voltage profile and a current on an area of dielectric material disposed over a substrate, wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a first area containing a subsurface defect, and wherein the area of dielectric material comprises a second area that is defect-free;

measuring voltages over the area of dielectric material at different positions using at least one voltage measurement device, wherein voltage measurements over the first area differ from voltage measurements over the second area to define a voltage differential; and

controlling the charge source based on a dependency of the charge source on one or more experimentally-determined operating parameters of the charge source.