Gelled hydrocarbons for oilfield processes, phosphate ester compounds useful in gellation of hydrocarbons and methods for production and use thereof
Phosphate esters useful for gelling hydrocarbons in combination with a metal source are disclosed along with methods of preparation of the phosphate esters. Fouling in oil refinery towers has been attributed due to distillation of impurities present in phosphate esters used to gel hydrocarbons for oil well fracturing. The improved method of preparation of the phosphate ester results in a product that substantially reduces or eliminates volatile phosphorus, which is phosphorus impurities that distill up to 250° C., and increases the high temperature viscosity of the hydrocarbon gels formed using the phosphate esters.
1. A method for producing an asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester, the method comprising:
(a) reacting a precursor dialkyl phosphite with a transesterifying agent to obtain a transesterified asymmetric dialkyl phosphite;
(b) removing any unreacted transesterifying agent and any unreacted precursor dialkyl phosphite from the transesterified asymmetric dialkyl phosphite; and
(c) reacting the transesterified asymmetric dialkyl phosphite to form an asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor dialkyl phosphite is symmetric.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor dialkyl phosphite includes a straight chain C1 to C4 alkyl group.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor dialkyl phosphite is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl phosphite, diethyl phosphite, dipropyl phosphite and dibutyl phosphite.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor dialkyl phosphite is diethyl phosphite.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the transesterifying agent includes a carbon chain backbone that is dissimilar to the alkyl groups of the precursor dialkyl phosphite.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the transesterifying agent is a primary alcohol with a carbon chain length including 6 to 20 atoms and such that the carbon chain length from the primary alcohol includes at least four more carbon atoms than the largest alkyl group of the precursor dialkyl phosphite.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the transesterifying agent is an ether of an alcohol with a general formula, C n H (2n+1) O(CH 2 CH 2 O) m H, where n is about 6 to 16 and m is about 1 to 3 and such that the ether of an alcohol includes a backbone chain length including at least four more atoms than the largest alkyl group of the precursor dialkyl phosphite.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the transesterifying agent is an n-octanol.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein reacting a precursor dialkyl phosphite with a transesterifying agent also generates a transesterified symmetric dialkyl phosphite.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein removing uses distillation.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein reacting a precursor dialkyl phosphite with a transesterifying agent also generates a transesterified symmetric dialkyl phosphite and removing produces a mixture of the transesterified asymmetric dialkyl phosphite and the transesterified symmetric dialkyl phosphite.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein reacting the transesterified asymmetric dialkyl phosphite to form an asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester includes oxidation of the transesterified asymmetric dialkyl phosphite.
14. The method of claim 1 further comprising adding an amount of monoalkyl phosphate ester to the asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester.
15. An asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester according to the formula:
R 1 is a straight chained alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and
R 2 is alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkoxyalkyl group, C n H (2n+1) O(CH 2 CH 2 O) x CH 2 CH 2 —, where n is about 6 to 16 and x is about 1 or 2, and
wherein any amount of phosphate triester that distils without decomposition at temperatures up to 250° C. (ASTM D86) is maintained below 1% by weight.
16. The asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester of claim 15 wherein R 2 is a C8 alkyl group.
17. The asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester of claim 15 wherein R 1 is an ethyl group.
18. The asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester of claim 15 wherein any amount phosphorus impurities that distil without decomposition at temperatures up to 250° C. (ASTM D86) is maintained below 1% by weight.
19. The asymmetric dialkyl phosphate ester of claim 15 wherein R 2 has a chain length of about 4 atoms more than the chain length of R 1 .