Inhibitors of Advanced Glycation End Products

1 . A compound of the formula,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

X is N, N—O, or CR 1 ;

G is —H, heterocycle, or —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, wherein the heterocycle and alkyl are optionally substituted with at least one group independently selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —OR G , —N(R G ) 2 , —SR G , —S(O)R G , —S(O) 2 R G , —COOR G , —CON(R G ) 2 , and —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-OR G , wherein R G is hydrogen, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or —C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;

A is of the formula,

wherein

Y is N or N-oxide; and

ring C is:

(i) monocyclic;

(ii) saturated; and

(iii) contains 1 or 2 total heteroatoms, and 5 or 6 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C wherein

R N1 is —H, -oxide, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl,

—(C 1 -C 6 )alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycle, -aryl, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkanoyl, -heterocycloyl, -aroyl, -heteroaroyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, or -aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, wherein

 R N1 is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OR N12 , —N(R N12 ) 2 , —COOR N12 —, —CON(R N12 ) 2 , —SR N12 , —S(O)R N12 , —S(O) 2 R N12 , —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-OR N12 , -aryl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, or -aroyl, wherein R N12 is hydrogen, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or —C(O)(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl;

each R C is independently —Z 1 -M-Z 2 —R Z , wherein

M is —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or absent,

provided when M is −S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or absent, at least one of Z 1 and Z 2 is also absent;

Z 1 and Z 2 are independently —O—, —S—, —N(R N′ )—, or absent, wherein

R N′ is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycle, -aryl, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkanoyl, -heterocycloyl, -aroyl, -heteroaroyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, or -aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, wherein

 R N′ is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OR, —COOK, —CONR 2 , —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O) 2 R, —NR 2 , —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, or -aroyl

 wherein each R is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and alkoxy are optionally substituted with one or more R′;

 wherein each R′ is independently halogen, —OR″, —CN, —COR″, —COOR″, —CONR″ 2 , NR″ 2 , wherein

 each R″ is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl;

R Z is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein

R Z is optionally substituted with at least one R Z ', wherein

 each R Z′ is independently -halogen, —OR, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —C(O)NR 2 , —S(O) 2 R, —OS(O) 2 R, -cyano, -nitro, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl,

 wherein R Z′ is optionally substituted with one or more R′,

or any two R C attached to the same carbon, taken together, is oxo or ═N(R N4 ), wherein

R N4 is it —H, —OR, —N(R N5 ) 2 , —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein

R N4 is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OH, -amino, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, —(C 1 -C 6 )dialkylamino, —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -aryl, -heteroaryl, -heterocycle, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, or -aroyl; and

each R N5 is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, or —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl;

B is of the formula,

wherein

ring D is (i) monocyclic, and

(ii) saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic;

R C′ is R C , provided that R C′ is not aryl or heteroaryl;

G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 each are independently N, O, CR 3 , C(R 3 ) 2 , or NR N′ , wherein

each R 3 is independently —Z 3 -M-Z 4 —R Z ,

provided when M is —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or absent, at least one of Z 3 and Z 4 is also absent;

Z 3 and Z 4 are independently —O—, —S—, —N(R N3 )— or absent, wherein

R N3 is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkynyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkanoyl, -heterocycloyl, -aroyl, -heteroaroyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, or -aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, wherein

 R N3 is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OH, -amino, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, —(C 1 -C 6 )dialkylamino, —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, or -aroyl;

or two R 3 taken together are oxo; and

bonds a, b, c, d, and e are independently a single or double bond,

provided that

(i) no two consecutive atoms in ring D are both oxygen;

(ii) no two consecutive bonds are both double bonds;

(iii) if a orb is a double bond, then R C′ is absent; and

(iv) if a or e is a double bond, then R N′ is absent; and

R 2 , and R 6 are independently —H, -halogen, —NO 2 , —CN, or R C ,

provided that when X═CR 1 ,

(i) R 2 , R 6 , and R N1 are not phenyl;

(ii) R C is not aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl

(iii) and G 1 ═N together, then G 2 is not O; and

(iv) two R C together may not form oxo;

and provided that when X═N, and

(i) G 1 and G 3 each are CR 3 , G 2 ═N, and bonds b and d are each a double bond, all simultaneously; or

(ii) G 1 is CR 3 , G 3 is C(O), G 2 is Ne, and bond b is a double bond, all simultaneously;

either R 2 or R 6 is not —NH-aryl or —NH-heteroaryl.

2 . The compound according to claim 1 , wherein X is N and G is hydrogen.

3 . The compound according to claim 2 , wherein

B is aromatic; and

G′, G 2 , and G 3 are each independently O, N or CR 3 .

4 . The compound according to claim 3 , wherein

B is imidazolyl, oxazoyl, pyrazoyl, pyrroyl, or isoxazoyl wherein each carbon atom is substituted by R 3 .

5 . The compound according to claim 4 , wherein

B is imidazolyl wherein each carbon atom is substituted by R 3 .

6 . The compound according to claim 5 , wherein

each R 3 is independently R Z3 , wherein

R Z3 is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R Z3 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z3′ , wherein

each R Z3′ is independently -halogen, -cyano, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —C(O)NR 2 , —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or -heterocycloalkyl.

7 . The compound according to claim 5 , wherein

R 2 and R 6 are each —H, -halogen, —NO 2 , —CN, or —R Z6 wherein

R Z6 is —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R Z6 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z6′ ,

wherein each R Z6′ is independently -halogen, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein R Z6′ is optionally substituted with one or more R′.

8 . The compound according to claim 5 , wherein

R N′ is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -aryl, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkanoyl, -heterocycloyl, -aroyl, -heteroaroyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, or -aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, wherein

R N′ is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OR N″ , —NR N″ 2 , —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein each R N″ is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and alkoxy are optionally substituted with one or more R′.

9 . The compound according to claim 5 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 5 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

10 . The compound according to claim 5 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 6 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

11 . The compound according to claim 2 , wherein B is not aromatic and

G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 are each independently O, N, CR 3 , C(R 3 ) 2 , or N(R N′ ).

12 . The compound according to claim 12 , wherein

B is pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, or tetrazolidinyl, wherein

each carbon is substituted by two R 3 and each nitrogen is substituted by R N′ .

13 . The compound according to claim 12 , wherein

each R 3 is independently R Z3 , wherein

R Z3 is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R Z3 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z3′ , wherein

each R Z3′ is independently -halogen, -cyano, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —C(O)NR 2 , —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or -heterocycloalkyl.

14 . The compound according to claim 12 , wherein

R 2 and R 6 are each —H, -halogen, —NO 2 , —CN, or —R Z6 wherein

R Z6 is —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R Z6 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z6′ ,

wherein each R Z6′ is independently -halogen, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein R Z6′ is optionally substituted with one or more R′.

15 . The compound according to claim 12 , wherein

each R N′ is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -aryl, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkanoyl, -heterocycloyl, -aroyl, -heteroaroyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, or -aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, wherein

R N′ is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OR N″ , —NR N″ 2 , —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein each R N″ is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and alkoxy are optionally substituted with one or more R′.

16 . The compound according to claim 12 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 5 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

17 . The compound according to claim 12 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 6 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

18 . The compound according to claim 1 , wherein X is CR 1 and G is hydrogen.

19 . The compound according to claim 18 , wherein

R 1 is —CN, —NO 2 , -halogen, —C(O)OR 4 , —C(O)R 4 , —C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , —S(O)R 4 , —S(O) 2 R 4 , or —S(O) 2 N(R 4 ) 2 , wherein

each R 4 is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl,

—(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -(Q-C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein

R 4 is optionally substituted with at least one group, each of which are independently -halogen, —OH, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —C(O)R 41 , —S(O) 2 R 41 , —OS(O) 2 R 41 , -cyano, -nitro, -(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or -(Q-C 6 )haloalkyl,

 wherein R 41 is —H, -(Q-C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, -(Q-C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

20 . The compound according to claim 19 , wherein

B is aromatic; and

G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 are each independently O, N or CR 3 .

21 . The compound according to claim 20 , wherein

B is imidazolyl, oxazoyl, pyrazoyl, pyrroyl, or isoxazoyl wherein each carbon atom is substituted by R 3 .

22 . The compound according to claim 21 , wherein

B is imidazolyl wherein each carbon atom is substituted by R 3 .

23 . The compound according to claim 22 , wherein

each R 3 is independently R 73 , wherein

R Z3 is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R Z3 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z3′ , wherein

each R Z3′ is independently -halogen, -cyano, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —C(O)NR 2 , —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or -heterocycloalkyl.

24 . The compound according to claim 22 , wherein

R 2 and R 6 are each —H, -halogen, —NO 2 , —CN, or —R Z6 wherein

R Z6 is —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z6′ ,

wherein each R Z6′ is independently -halogen, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein R Z6′ is optionally substituted with one or more R′.

25 . The compound according to claim 22 , wherein

R N′ is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -aryl, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkanoyl, -heterocycloyl, -aroyl, -heteroaroyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, or -aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, wherein

R N′ is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OR N″ , —NR N″ 2 , —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein each R N″ is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and alkoxy are optionally substituted with one or more R′.

26 . The compound according to claim 22 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 5 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

27 . The compound according to claim 22 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 6 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

28 . The compound according to claim 19 , wherein B is not aromatic and

G 1 , G 2 , and G 3 are each independently O, N, CR 3 , C(R 3 ) 2 , or N(R N′ ).

29 . The compound according to claim 28 , wherein

B is pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, or tetrazolidinyl, wherein

each carbon is substituted by two R 3 and each nitrogen is substituted by R N′ .

30 . The compound according to claim 29 , wherein

each R 3 is independently R Z3 , wherein

R Z3 is —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R Z3 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z3′ , wherein

each R Z3′ is independently -halogen, -cyano, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —C(O)NR 2 , —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or -heterocycloalkyl.

31 . The compound according to claim 29 , wherein

R 2 and R 6 are each —H, -halogen, —NO 2 , —CN, or —R Z6 wherein

R Z6 is —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkylaryl, -heterocycle, -aryl, or -heteroaryl, wherein R Z6 is optionally substituted with at least one R Z6′ ,

wherein each R Z6′ is independently -halogen, —OR, —C(O)OR, —C(O)R, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein R Z6′ is optionally substituted with one or more R′.

32 . The compound according to claim 29 , wherein

each R N′ is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -aryl, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkanoyl, -heterocycloyl, -aroyl, -heteroaroyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, or -aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, wherein

R N′ is optionally substituted with one or more groups which are independently -halogen, —OR N″ , —NR N″ 2 , —NO 2 , —CN, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, -aryl, -heterocycle, -heteroaryl, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, or —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl,

wherein each R N″ is independently —H, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )haloalkyl, —(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, —(C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and alkoxy are optionally substituted with one or more R′.

33 . The compound according to claim 29 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 5 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

34 . The compound according to claim 29 , wherein

ring C contains 2 heteroatoms, and 6 total atoms, wherein

the remaining heteroatom moiety is O, S, or NR N1 , and the carbon atoms are each optionally substituted with one or two R C .

35 . The compound according to claim 1 which is

4-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methyl-5-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-3-ol.

36 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

37 . A method for treating or inhibiting development of one or more AGE- and/or ALE-associated complications in subject in need thereof comprising administering one or more compounds according to claim 1 to the subject.

38 . A method for treating or inhibiting development of one or more AGE- and/or ALE-associated complications in a subject in need thereof comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions according to claim 26 to the subject.

39 . The method of claim 37 wherein the one or more AGE- and/or ALE-associated complications are selected from the group consisting of accelerated protein aging, retinopathy, nephropathy, proteinuria, impaired glomerular clearance, neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative amyloid diseases, diabetes-associated hyperlipidemia, oxidative modification of proteins, arthritis, connective tissue diseases, amyloidosis, urinary stone disease, obesity-related complications, proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the aorta, coronary artery occlusion, hypertension; and dialysis-related disorders selected from the group consisting of dialysis-related cardiac morbidity and mortality, dialysis-related amyloidosis, dialysis-related increases in permeability of the peritoneal membrane in a dialysis patient, renal failure progression in a dialysis patient, and ultrafiltration failure and peritoneal membrane destruction in a dialysis patient.

40 . A method for treating or inhibiting development of one or more disorders selected from the group consisting of diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria, impaired glomerular clearance, retinopathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, diabetes-associated hyperlipidemia, oxidative modification of proteins, arthritis, connective tissue diseases, amyloidosis, urinary stone disease, obesity-related complications proliferation or smooth muscle cells in the aorta, coronary artery occlusion, and hypertension; and dialysis-related disorders including dialysis-related cardiac morbidity and mortality, dialysis-related amyloidosis, dialysis-related increases in permeability of the peritoneal membrane in a dialysis patient, renal failure progression in a dialysis patient, and inhibiting ultrafiltration failure and peritoneal membrane destruction in a dialysis patient, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 to a subject in need of such treatment.

41 . A method for treating or inhibiting development of one or more disorders selected from the group consisting of diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria, impaired glomerular clearance, retinopathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis, diabetes-associated hyperlipidemia, oxidative modification of proteins, arthritis, connective tissue diseases, amyloidosis, urinary stone disease, obesity-related complications proliferation or smooth muscle cells in the aorta, coronary artery occlusion, and hypertension; and dialysis-related disorders including dialysis-related cardiac morbidity and mortality, dialysis-related amyloidosis, dialysis-related increases in permeability of the peritoneal membrane in a dialysis patient, renal failure progression in a dialysis patient, and inhibiting ultrafiltration failure and peritoneal membrane destruction in a dialysis patient, wherein the method comprises administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 36 to a subject in need of such treatment.