Growth and transfer of monolithic horizontal nanowire superstructures onto flexible substrates

1. A method of making a monolithic elongated nanowire, comprising the steps of:

a. applying a mask polymer layer to a selected crystal surface of a seed crystal;

b. defining a plurality of spaced apart elongated openings through the mask polymer layer, thereby exposing a corresponding plurality of portions of the crystal surface, the openings disposed so as to be aligned with and parallel to a selected crystal axis of the seed crystal; and

c. subjecting the portions of the crystal surface to a chemical nutrient environment that causes crystalline material to grow from the plurality of portions for at least a period of time so that monocrystalline members grow from the elongated openings and until the monocrystalline members laterally expand so that each monocrystalline member grows into and merges with an adjacent one of the monocrystalline members, thereby forming a monolithic elongated nanowire.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mask polymer layer comprises poly(methyl methacrylate).

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the seed crystal comprises a zinc oxide crystal.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the selected crystal surface comprises a selected one of a (2 1 1 0) surface or a (0 1 1 0) surface.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:

a. applying a pre-polymer to the monolithic elongated nanowire and to the mask polymer layer;

b. allowing the pre-polymer to polymerize, thereby forming with the mask polymer layer a flexible substrate that encapsulates the monolithic elongated nanowire; and

c. peeling the flexible substrate away from the selected crystal surface of the seed crystal with the monolithic elongated nanowire embedded therein.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the applying a pre-polymer step comprises applying methyl methacrylate.

7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising the step of oxygen plasma etching a selected side of the flexible substrate thereby exposing a side of the monolithic elongated nanowire.

8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the nanowire includes a first end and an opposite second end, the method further comprising the steps of:

a. applying a first electrical contact to the first end; and

b. applying a second electrical contact to the second end.

9. A method of making an encapsulated nanostructure, comprising the steps of:

a. applying a mask polymer layer to a selected crystal surface of a seed crystal;

b. defining at least one opening through the mask polymer layer, thereby exposing a portion of the crystal surface;

c. subjecting the portion of the crystal surface to a chemical nutrient environment that causes crystalline material to grow from the portion, thereby forming a monolithic elongated nanostructure;

d. applying a pre-polymer to the nanostructure and to the mask polymer layer;

e. allowing the pre-polymer to polymerize, thereby forming a flexible substrate that encapsulates the nanostructure with the mask polymer layer; and

f. peeling the flexible substrate away from the selected crystal surface of the seed crystal with the nanostructure embedded therein.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the mask polymer layer comprises poly(methyl methacrylate).

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the seed crystal comprises a zinc oxide crystal.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the selected crystal surface comprises a selected one of a (2 1 1 0) surface or a (0 1 1 0) surface.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the applying a pre-polymer step comprises applying methyl methacrylate.

14. The method of claim 9 , further comprising the step of oxygen plasma etching a selected side of the flexible substrate thereby exposing a side of the nanostructure.

15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the nanostructure includes a first end and an opposite second end, the method further comprising the steps of:

a. applying a first electrical contact to the first end; and

b. applying a second electrical contact to the second end.