Sensing Fluid Concentration for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
An analyte monitor having a plurality of fluid paths, each fluid path having a distal opening adapted to be disposed on one side of a stratum corneum layer of a user's skin, a proximal opening adapted to be disposed on another side of the stratum corneum layer and an interior space extending between the distal and proximal openings; a sensing zone in fluid communication with the proximal openings of the fluid paths; sensing fluid extending from the sensing zone into substantially the entire interior space of the fluid paths; and an analyte sensor adapted to detect a concentration of analyte in the sensing fluid within the sensing zone, wherein at least one of the sensing fluid and the analyte sensor comprises a catalyst for mutarotation of glucose. The invention also includes a method of using the monitor.
1 . An analyte monitor comprising:
a plurality of fluid paths, each fluid path comprising a distal opening adapted to be disposed on one side of a stratum corneum layer of a user's skin, a proximal opening adapted to be disposed on another side of the stratum corneum layer and an interior space extending between the distal and proximal openings;
a sensing zone in fluid communication with the proximal openings of the fluid paths;
sensing fluid extending from the sensing zone into substantially the entire interior space of the fluid paths; and
an analyte sensor adapted to detect a concentration of analyte in the sensing fluid within the sensing zone,
wherein at least one of the sensing fluid and the analyte sensor comprises a catalyst for mutarotation of glucose.
2 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the analyte sensor comprises a membrane comprising the catalyst.
3 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst for mutarotation of glucose comprises a phosphate buffer ion.
4 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the sensing fluid comprises a concentration of phosphate buffer ions ranging from 100 mM to 500 mM.
5 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the sensing fluid comprises a surfactant.
6 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the sensing fluid comprises an anti-microbial agent.
7 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the sensing fluid comprises an anti-clotting agent.
8 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the fluid paths each comprise a tissue piercing element.
9 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst for mutarotation of glucose comprises a conjugate base of an organic acid.
10 . The analyte monitor of claim 9 , wherein the conjugate base of an organic acid is selected from a group consisting of propionic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, glycolic acid, histidine acid, imidazole acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, guanidine acid, guanidine derivative acid, and alpha-hydroxypyridine acid.
11 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst for mutarotation of glucose comprises an enzyme mutarotase.
12 . The analyte monitor of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst for mutarotation of glucose comprises a polymeric catalyst.
13 . The analyte monitor of claim 12 , wherein the polymeric catalyst is selected from a group consisting of a polymer having a phosphate group, a polymer having a phosphate group based salt, a polymer having oxo acid, and a polymer having an oxo acid based salt.
14 . The analyte monitor of claim 12 , wherein the polymeric catalyst is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid based salt, poly styrene sulfonic acid, poly styrene sulfonic based salt, polyvinyl phosphoric acid, polyvinyl phosphoric acid based salt, poly acryloxyethyl phosphoric acid, poly acryloxyethyl phosphoric acid based salt, poly 4-vinyl pyridine and poly diallyldimethylammoniumchloride.
15 . A method of in vivo monitoring of an individual's interstitial fluid analyte concentration comprising:
creating a plurality of fluid paths through a stratum corneum layer of an area of the individual's skin, the fluid paths each comprising a distal end in analyte communication with interstitial fluid of the individual, a proximal end in fluid communication with a sensing zone located outside of the patient's body, an interior space extending between the distal and proximal ends of the fluid path, and a sensing fluid filling substantially the entire interior space; and
sensing concentration of glucose in the sensing fluid, the sensing step comprising catalyzing for mutarotation of glucose.
16 . The method of claim 15 further comprising buffering the sensing fluid with a catalyst from the catalyzing step.
17 . The method of claim 15 wherein catalyzing comprises converting α-form glucose to β-form glucose.
18 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising creating at least one of the fluid paths with a tissue piercing element.
19 . The method of claim 15 , wherein catalyzing for mutarotation of glucose comprises using a phosphate ion as a catalyst.
20 . The method of claim 15 , wherein catalyzing for mutarotation of glucose comprises using a conjugate base of an organic acid as a catalyst.
21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the conjugate base of an organic acid is selected from a group consisting of propionic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, glycolic acid, histidine acid, imidazole acid, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, guanidine acid, guanidine derivative acid, and alpha-hydroxypyridine acid.
22 . The method of claim 15 , wherein catalyzing for mutarotation of glucose comprises using an enzyme mutarotase as a catalyst.
23 . The method of claim 15 , wherein catalyzing for mutarotation of glucose comprises using a polymeric catalyst.
24 . The method of claim 23 , wherein the polymeric catalyst is selected from a group consisting of a polymer having a phosphate group, a polymer having a phosphate group based salt, a polymer having oxo acid, and a polymer having an oxo acid based salt.
25 . The method of claim 23 , wherein the polymeric catalyst is selected from a group consisting of a polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid based salt, poly styrene sulfonic acid, poly styrene sulfonic based salt, polyvinyl phosphoric acid, polyvinyl phosphoric acid based salt, poly acryloxyethyl phosphoric acid, poly acryloxyethyl phosphoric acid based salt, poly 4-vinyl pyridine and poly diallyldimethylammoniumchloride.