Property modulated materials and methods of making the same
A method of making property modulated composite materials includes depositing a first layer of material having a first microstructure/nanostructure on a substrate followed by depositing a second layer of material having a second microstructure/nanostructure that differs from the first layer. Multiple first and second layers can be deposited to form a composite material that includes a plurality of adjacent first and second layers. By controlling the microstructure/nanostructure of the layers, the material properties of the composite material formed by this method can be tailored for a specific use. The microstructures/nanostructures of the composite materials may be defined by one or more of grain size, grain boundary geometry, crystal orientation, and a defect density.
1. A method for producing a property modulated composite, the method comprising:
providing a bath including at least one electrodepositable species;
providing a substrate upon which the at least one electrodepositable species is to be electrodeposited;
at least partially immersing said substrate into the bath; and
changing two or more plating parameters in predetermined durations between a first value which produces a first material having a first composition and a first nanostructure defined by one or more of a first average grain size, a first grain boundary geometry, a first crystal orientation, and a first defect density, and a second value which produces a second material having a second composition and a second nanostructure defined by one or more of a second average grain size, a second grain boundary geometry, a second crystal orientation, and a second defect density, to produce 10 or more layers having either the first nanostructure or the second nanostructure;
with the proviso that the second composition is the same as the first composition while the first average grain size differs from the second average grain size, the first grain boundary geometry differs from the second grain boundary geometry, the first crystal orientation differs from the second crystal orientation, and the first defect density differs from the second defect density;
wherein said two or more plating parameters include beta and temperature.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein changing two or more plating parameters further comprises changing a plating parameter selected from the group consisting of frequency, peak to peak current density, average current density, duty cycle, and mass transfer rate.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the peak to peak current density ranges from about 1 to about 400 mA/cm 2 .
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the peak to peak current density ranges from about 10 to about 150 mA/cm 2 .
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the peak to peak current density ranges from about 20 to about 100 mA/cm 2 .
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the peak cathodic current density is up to 43 mA/cm 2 .
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the peak anodic current density is greater than −34 mA/cm 2 .
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodepositable species comprises iron.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodepositable species is selected from the group consisting of nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, platinum, palladium, hafnium, zirconium, chromium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorus, barium, yttrium, lanthanum, rhodium, iridium, gold, silver, and combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein three or more plating parameters are changed.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein changing two or more plating parameters in predetermined durations between the first value and the second value comprises varying the two or more plating parameters as a continuous function of time.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two or more plating parameters are changed in predetermined durations to produce a layered property modulated composite.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein a first layer of the layered property modulated composite exhibits substantially a first mechanical property and a second layer, which is adjacent to the first layer, exhibits substantially a second mechanical property, which differs from the first mechanical property, or a first layer of the layered property modulated composite exhibits substantially a first thermal property and a second layer, which is adjacent to the first layer, exhibits substantially a second thermal property, which differs from the first thermal property.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first mechanical property and the second mechanical property are selected from the group consisting of hardness, elongation, tensile strength, elastic modulus, stiffness, impact toughness, abrasion resistance, and combinations thereof.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first thermal property and the second thermal property are selected from the group consisting of coefficient of thermal expansion, melting point, thermal conductivity, and specific heat.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the layered property modulated composite includes a plurality of layers, each layer within the plurality of layers having a thickness of about 1 nanometer to about 10,000 nanometers.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two or more plating parameters are changed in predetermined durations to produce a graded property modulated composite.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein a first section of the graded property modulated composite exhibits substantially a first mechanical property and a second section of the graded property modulated composite exhibits substantially a second mechanical property, which differs from the first mechanical property, or a first section of the graded property modulated composite exhibits substantially a first thermal property and a second section of the graded property modulated composite exhibits substantially a second thermal property, which differs from the first thermal property.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first mechanical property and the second mechanical property are selected from the group consisting of hardness, elongation, tensile strength, elastic modulus, stiffness, impact toughness, abrasion resistance, and combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first thermal property and the second thermal property are selected from the group consisting of coefficient of thermal expansion, melting point, thermal conductivity, and specific heat.
21. A method for producing a property modulated composite, the method comprising:
providing a bath including at least one electrodepositable species;
providing a substrate upon which the at least one electrodepositable species is to be electrodeposited;
at least partially immersing said substrate into the bath; and
changing two or more plating parameters in predetermined durations between a first value which produces a first material having a first composition and a first nanostructure defined by one or more of a first average grain size, a first grain boundary geometry, a first crystal orientation, and a first defect density, and a second value which produces a second material having a second composition and a second nanostructure defined by one or more of a second average grain size, a second grain boundary geometry, a second crystal orientation, and a second defect density, to produce greater than 75 layers having either the first nanostructure or the second nanostructure;
with the proviso that the second composition is the same as the first composition while the first average grain size differs from the second average grain size, the first grain boundary geometry differs from the second grain boundary geometry, the first crystal orientation differs from the second crystal orientation, and the first defect density differs from the second defect density;
wherein said two or more plating parameters include beta and temperature.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein changing two or more plating parameters further comprises changing a plating parameter selected from the group consisting of frequency, peak to peak current density, average current density, duty cycle, and mass transfer rate.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein three or more plating parameters are changed.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein changing two or more plating parameters in predetermined durations between the first value and the second value comprises varying the plating parameters as a continuous function of time.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the first and second materials are selected from metal or metal in combination with ceramic particles.
26. The method of claim 21 , wherein the two or more plating parameters are changed in predetermined durations to produce a graded property modulated composite.