Use of secretor, lewis and sialyl antigen levels in clinical samples as predictors of risk for disease
An individual at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis and related disorders can be identified by measuring the level of at least one secretor antigen in a biological sample from the individual and comparing the measured level of the at least one secretor antigen to a predetermined value or a predetermined range of values. Among the secretor antigens which can be measured are: the H-1, H-2, Lewis b and Lewis y antigens and derivatives thereof (e.g., a sialylated form of Lewis a, Lewis x, Lewis b, Lewis y; H-1, H-2, Lewis a, Lewis x, Lewis b or Lewis y).
1. A method for identifying and reducing the risk of an individual for developing sepsis or for developing a gastrointestinal infectious disorder or gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder, the method comprising:
(a) measuring the level of at least one antigen in a biological sample from the individual, the at least one antigen being H-1, H-2, Lewis b , Lewis y , sulfated or sialylated H-1, sulfated or sialylated H-2, sialylated Lewis a , sulfated or sialylated Lewis b , or sulfated or sialylated Lewis y ;
(b) comparing the measured level of the at least one antigen to a predetermined value or a predetermined range of values,
(c) identifying the individual as being at risk for developing sepsis or for developing a gastrointestinal infectious disorder or gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder if the measured level of the at least one antigen differs from the predetermined value or is outside the predetermined range of values, and
(d) administering to the individual one or more of α1,2 fucosyl glycans, probiotic organisms, or prebiotics, if the individual is identified as being at risk for developing sepsis or for developing a gastrointestinal infectious disorder or gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the individual is an infant.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the infant is a neonate, a low birthweight infant, an extremely low birthweight infant, or a premature infant.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured antigen is H-1, H-2, Lewis y , or sialylated Lewis a .
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is a bodily fluid or a tissue.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the bodily fluid is saliva, blood, plasma, serum, urine, stool, amniotic fluid, mucus, tears, or lymph.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the bodily fluid is saliva.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring step is performed by using an immunoassay.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gastrointestinal infectious disorder is caused by infection with one or more of Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Serratia spp., Candida spp., Norwalk and other Noroviruses, Campylobacter spp., Vibrio cholerae, Bacteriodes spp., Clostridiae , and Giardia.
10. A method for reducing the risk for developing sepsis or for developing a gastrointestinal infectious disorder or gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder in a subject, the method comprising:
(a) identifying an individual who is at risk for developing sepsis or for developing a gastrointestinal infectious disorder or gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder based on the level of at least one antigen in a biological sample from the individual, the at least one antigen being H-1, H-2, Lewis b , Lewis y , sulfated or sialylated H-1, sulfated or sialylated H-2, sialylated Lewis a , sulfated or sialylated Lewis b , or sulfated or sialylated Lewis y , wherein the level of the at least one antigen of the individual differs from a predetermined value or is outside a predetermined range of values; and
(b) administering to the individual one or more of α1.2 fucosyl glycans, probiotic organisms, or prebiotics to reduce the risk in the individual of developing sepsis or developing a gastrointestinal infectious disorder or gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder if the individual is identified as being at risk for developing sepsis or for developing a gastrointestinal infectious or inflammatory disorder.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the at least one antigen is H-1, H-2, Lewis y , or sialylated Lewis a .
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the biological sample is a bodily fluid or a tissue.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the bodily fluid is saliva, blood, plasma, serum, urine, stool, amniotic fluid, mucus, tears, or lymph.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the bodily fluid is saliva.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the level of the at least one antigen is determined by an immunoassay.