Methods and systems for analyte measurement

1. A system for determining a value associated with an analyte in a sample, the system comprising:

a radiation source configured to direct radiation to be incident on the sample;

a detector configured to detect radiation from the sample; and

an electronic processor configured to:

obtain measured spectral information about the sample based on the detected radiation;

compare the measured spectral information to a set of reference spectra determined from a model for light attenuation in the sample to identify a member of the set of reference spectra that corresponds to the measured spectral information;

correct the identified member of the set of reference spectra using a set of spectral correction factors determined from the set of reference spectra;

select a subset of the reference spectra and use only the selected subset of the reference spectra to determine values of parameters associated with a calibration equation; and

use the corrected identified member of the set of reference spectra as input to a calibration equation to determine the value associated with the analyte,

wherein the electronic processor is further configured to select the subset of the reference spectra by:

determining, for each of multiple subsets of the reference spectra, a set of values of the parameters associated with the calibration equation;

determining a value of an error term associated with each set of values of the parameters; and

selecting the subset of the reference spectra that produces the set of values of the parameters having the smallest error term.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine values associated with two or more analytes, and wherein the two or more analytes are selected from the group consisting of pH, temperature, oxygen tension, oxygen saturation, carbon dioxide partial pressure, hemoglobin concentration, water concentration, and hematocrit.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the model comprises contributions from at least two different sources of light attenuation in the sample, and wherein the at least two different sources of light attenuation comprise light scattering and absorption.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the light scattering comprises contributions from light scattering by one or more fat layers and light scattering by muscle tissue in the sample.

5. The system of claim 3 , wherein the absorption comprises contributions from light absorption by at least two different analytes in the sample.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the set of spectral correction factors by calculating mean-centered spectra from the set of reference spectra.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the set of spectral correction factors by calculating orthogonalized spectra based on the mean-centered spectra.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to identify a member of the set of reference spectra that corresponds to the measured spectral information by determining a member of the set of reference spectra that matches most closely with the measured spectral information.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the member of the set of reference spectra that matches most closely with the measured spectral information based on maximum and minimum differences between the measured spectral information and at least some members of the set of reference spectra.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to select the subset of the set of reference spectra based on the analyte.

11. A system for determining a value associated with an analyte in a sample, the system comprising:

a radiation source configured to direct radiation to be incident on the sample;

a detector configured to detect radiation from the sample; and

an electronic processor configured to:

determine values of a set of parameters associated with a calibration equation for calculating the value of the analyte based on a set of reference spectra determined from a model for light attenuation in the sample and not on measured spectral information;

identify a member of the set of reference spectra that most closely corresponds to measured spectral information for the sample; and

determine the value associated with the analyte by using the identified member as input to the calibration equation,

wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the values of the set of parameters by:

determining, for each of multiple subsets of the reference spectra, a set of values of the parameters associated with the calibration equation;

determining a value of an error term associated with each set of values of the parameters; and

using the set of values of the parameters having the smallest associated error term to determine the value associated with the analyte.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the model for light attenuation comprises contributions from light scattering and from light absorption by at least two different analytes in the sample, and wherein the two different analytes comprise at least one of oxygenated hemoglobin, de-oxygenated hemoglobin, and myoglobin.

13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the analyte comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of pH, temperature, oxygen tension, oxygen saturation, carbon dioxide partial pressure, hemoglobin concentration, water concentration, and hematocrit.

14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to determine the value associated with the analyte by:

determining spectral correction factors associated with the analyte from the set of reference spectra;

applying the spectral correction factors to the identified member of the set of reference spectra to correct the identified member; and

using the corrected identified member as input to the calibration equation.

15. The system of claim 11 , wherein the model comprises contributions from at least two different sources of light attenuation in the sample, and wherein the at least two different sources of light attenuation comprise light scattering and absorption.

16. The system of claim 11 , wherein the electronic processor is configured to select a subset of the set of reference spectra to determine the values of the set of parameters associated with the calibration equation and to select the subset based on the analyte.