Boron-containing small molecules

1. A compound, or a salt thereof, having a structure according to a formula which is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

R d is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, and unsubstituted alkyl;

R c is selected from the group consisting of cyano, chlorine, bromine, iodine, substituted alkyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy;

X is N or CH,

R b is selected from the group consisting of OR 4 and NR 4 R 5

wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,

with the proviso that R 4 and R 5 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, are optionlly combined to form a 4- to 8-membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring.

2. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is chlorine or bromine or iodine.

3. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is OR 4 , and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

4. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is OR 4 , and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl and substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.

5. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , having a formula which is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R c is chlorine.

6. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising:

(a) the compound of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

(b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

7. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R d is H.

8. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R d is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl.

9. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R d is fluorine.

10. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, iodine, and cyano.

11. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, secpentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and sec-hexyl.

12. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, butyloxy, isobutyloxy, sec-butyloxy, tertbutyloxy, pentyloxy, isopentyloxy, neopentyloxy, secpentyloxy, hexyloxy, isohexyloxy, and sec-hexyloxy.

13. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, and isopropyloxy, wherein each is substituted with at least one halogen.

14. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, dichloromethyl, and chloromethyl.

15. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, and fluoromethyl.

16. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, CN, CF 3 , ethyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, and —OCF 3 .

17. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is chlorine.

18. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , —OCH 2 C(O)OH, —OCH 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH 2 C(O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 , —C(O)OCH 3 , —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —OCH 2 C(O)N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 ,

19. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is OR 4 , wherein R 4 is alkyl optionally substituted with at least one halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, ether, carboxy or ester moiety.

20. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OCH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , —OCH 2 C(O)OH, —OCH 2 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 , —OCH 2 C(O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 , —C(O)OCH 3 , —C(O)OH, —C(O)H, —OCH 2 C(O)N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 ,

21. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is OR 4 , wherein R 4 is alkyl optionally substituted with at least one halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, ether, carboxy or ester moiety.

22. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is OR 4 , wherein R 4 is unsubstituted alkyl.

23. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is OR 4 , wherein R 4 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and isobutyl.

24. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is O(CH 2 ) m1 R 31 , wherein m 1 is 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 31 is a methyl moiety wherein at least one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a halogen.

25. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is O(CH 2 ) m1 R 31 , wherein m 1 is 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 31 is —CF 3 or —CHF 2 .

26. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —OCH 2 CF 3 or —OCH 2 CHF 2 .

27. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m1 OC(O)R 4d , wherein m1 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 4d is unsubstituted alkyl.

28. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m1 OC(O)R 4d wherein m1 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 4d is methyl.

29. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) 2 OC(O)CH 3 .

30. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m1 C(O)R 4d , wherein m1 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 4d is unsubstituted alkyl.

31. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m1 C(O)R 4d , wherein m1 is 3 and R 4d is unsubstituted alkyl.

32. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m1 C(O)R 4d , wherein m 1 is 2 or 3 or 4 and R 4d is unsubstituted alkyl.

33. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m1 C(O)R 4d , wherein m1 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 4d is methyl.

34. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)CH 3 .

35. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is OR 4 , wherein R 4 is alkyl substituted with unsubstituted alkoxy.

36. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m5 OR 30 , wherein m5 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 30 is selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted alkyl, and unsubstituted tetrahydropyran.

37. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein Rb is —O(CH 2 ) m5 OR 30 , wherein m5 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 30 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , and C 6 alkyl.

38. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m5 OR 30 , wherein m5 is 2 or 3 and R 30 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , and C 6 alkyl.

39. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m5 OR 30 , wherein m5 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 30 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 , C 2 , and C 3 alkyl.

40. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is —O(CH 2 ) m5 OR 30 , wherein m5 is 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 and R 30 is H.

41. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R b is selected from the group consisting of —O(CH 2 ) 2 OCH(CH 3 ) 2 , —O(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , and —O(CH 2 ) 2 OH.

42. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein X is N.

43. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is chlorine and R d is H.

44. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , wherein R c is chlorine and R d is fluorine.

45. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(3-oxobutoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-((5-oxohexyl)oxy)nicotinonitrile, and 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-((4-oxohexyl)oxy)nicotinonitrile.

46. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(4-oxopentyloxy)nicotinonitrile.

47. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-6-((6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-(3-oxobutoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-((6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-((5-oxohexyl)oxy)nicotinonitrile, and 5-chloro-6-((6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-((4-oxohexyl)oxy)nicotinonitrile.

48. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-(6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(4-oxopentyloxy)nicotinonitrile.

49. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 2-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-6-(3-oxobutoxy)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile, 2-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-6-(5-oxohexyloxy)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile, and 2-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-6-(4-oxohexyloxy)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile.

50. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 2-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-6-(4-oxopentyloxy)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile.

51. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(3-oxobutoxy)nicotinonitrile, cyclopropyl-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(5-oxohexyloxy)nicotinonitrile, and cyclopropyl-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(4-oxohexyloxy)nicotinonitrile.

52. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is cyclopropyl-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(4-oxopentyloxy)nicotinonitrile.

53. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(3-oxobutoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(5-oxohexyloxy)nicotinonitrile, and 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(4-oxohexyloxy)nicotinonitrile.

54. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(4-oxopentyloxy)nicotinonitrile.

55. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 6-((1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-(3-isopropoxypropoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile, 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile, 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-propoxyethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile, and 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isobutoxyethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile.

56. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isopropoxyethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile.

57. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-((1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)propoxy)nicotinonitrile.

58. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-((1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)ethoxy)nicotinonitrile.

59. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(3-isopropoxypropoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-propoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile, and 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isobutoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile.

60. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-(7-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isopropoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile.

61. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-6-(6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(3-isopropoxypropoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-propoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile, and 5-chloro-6-(6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isobutoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile.

62. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-((6-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-(2-isopropoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile.

63. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(3-isopropoxypropoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile, 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile, 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-propoxyethoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile, and 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isobutoxyethoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile.

64. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isopropoxyethoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinonitrile.

65. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is selected from the group consisting of 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(3-isopropoxypropoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile, 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-propoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile, and 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isobutoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile.

66. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which is 5-chloro-6-(1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yloxy)-2-(2-isopropoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile.

67. The compound, or a salt thereof, of claim 1 , which has a structure according to a formula which is selected from the group consisting of: