Field-programmable lab-on-a-chip based on microelectrode array architecture

1. A device of field-programmable lab-on-a-chip (FPLOC) by employing the microelectrode array architecture comprising: a. a bottom plate comprising an array of multiple microelectrodes disposed on a top surface of a substrate covered by a dielectric layer; wherein each of the microelectrode is coupled to at least one grounding elements of a grounding mechanism, wherein a hydrophobic layer is disposed on the top of the dielectric layer and the grounding elements to make hydrophobic surfaces with droplets; b. a field programmability mechanism for programming a group of configured-electrodes to generate microfluidic components and layouts with selected shapes and sizes; and c. a FPLOC functional block, comprising: i. I/O ports; ii. a sample preparation unit; iii. a droplet manipulation unit; iv. a detection unit; v. a system control unit comprising: a. a hierarchical FPLOC chip-level module comprising: i. a field-programming management unit for configuring the microelectrodes into microfluidic components and layout/networks for the microfluidic components; ii. a microfluidic operations programming management unit for controlling and managing microfluidic operations; and b. an application system management module comprising: i. a system partition and integration unit for partitioning the device; ii. a detection and display unit for obtaining, displaying, reporting and storing assay results; iii. a data management and transfer unit for connecting to the device to external information system; iv. a peripheral management block for connecting to external systems.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the configured-electrodes in the field programmability mechanism comprising: a first configured-electrode comprising multiple microelectrodes arranged in array, and at least one second adjacent configured-electrode adjacent to the first configured-electrode, the droplet being disposed on the top of the first configured-electrode and overlapped with a portion of the second adjacent-configured-electrode.

3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the configured-electrodes comprise at least one microelectrode.

4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the microfluidic components of the group of configured-electrodes in the field programmability mechanism comprise reservoirs, electrodes, mixing chambers, detection windows, waste reservoirs, droplet pathways and special functional electrodes.

5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the layout of the microfluidic components comprises the physical allocations of input/output ports, reservoirs, electrodes, mixing chambers, detection windows, waste reservoirs, pathways and electrode networks.

6. The device of claim 5 wherein the reservoir is loaded with liquid.

7. The device of claim 1 wherein the grounding mechanism is fabricated on the top plate of a bi-planar structure wherein the top plate is above the bottom plate with a gap in-between.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the grounding mechanism is a coplanar structure comprises a passive top cover or without a top cover.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the grounding mechanism is a coplanar structure comprising ground grids.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the grounding mechanism is a coplanar structure comprising ground pads.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the grounding mechanism is a coplanar structure comprising programmed ground pads.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the grounding mechanism is a hybrid structure, a combination of the bi-planar structure and the coplanar structure with a selectable switch.

13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the microelectrode can be generally round, square, hexagon bee-hive, or stacked-brick shapes arranged in array.

14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the I/O ports comprise: a. a droplet I/O port unit; b. a detection I/O port unit; and c. a system control I/O port unit.

15. The device of claim 14 , wherein the droplet I/O port unit in the I/O ports comprises: a. a sample I/O port unit for loading the samples; b. a reagent I/O port unit for interfacing the reagent cartridges; and c. a waste I/O port unit for flushing out the waste.

16. The device of claim 14 , wherein the detection I/O port unit is connected with the video detection, Laser induced fluorescence analysis (LIF), and magnetic nanoparticle detection.

17. The device of claim 14 , wherein the system control I/O port unit is connected to the external units including processors, display units, printers, USB memory storages, network interfaces, power sources.

18. The device of claim 1 , wherein a micro-heating element integrated into the substrate of the device can heat up the droplet under selected temperature.

19. The device of claim 1 , wherein the detection unit in the FPLOC functional block comprises the sensing devices integrated in the substrate, comprising a potentiometric sensor, an amperometric sensor, or an impedimetric sensor.

20. The device of claim 1 can be configured to tabletop machine configurations.

21. The device of claim 1 can be configured to portable machine configurations.

22. The device of claim 1 is an EWOD device wherein the driving voltage is in the range from DC to 10 kHz of AC with less than 150V.

23. The device of claim 1 is a DEP device wherein the driving voltage is in the range from 50 kHz to 200 kHz of AC with 100 to 300 Vrms.