Ferroelectric fluoride compositions and methods of making and using same
A method for synthesis of a ferroelectric material characterized by the general formula A x B y F z where A is an alkaline earth metal, B is transition metal or a main group metal, x and y each range from about 1 to about 5, and z ranges from about 1 to about 20 comprising contacting an alkaline earth metal fluoride, a difluorometal compound and a fluoroorganic acid in a medium to form a reaction mixture; and subjecting the reaction mixture to conditions suitable for hydrothermal crystal growth.
1. A method for synthesis of a ferroelectric material characterized by the general formula A x B y F z where A is an alkaline earth metal, B is transition metal or a main group metal, x and y each range from about 1 to about 5, and z ranges from about 1 to about 20 comprising:
contacting an alkaline earth metal fluoride, a difluorometal compound and a fluoroorganic acid in a medium to form a reaction mixture; and
subjecting the reaction mixture to conditions suitable for hydrothermal crystal growth comprising a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 250° C. and a pressure of from about 5 atm to about 75 atm.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkaline earth metal fluoride comprises Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkaline earth metal fluoride comprises barium fluoride.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkaline earth metal fluoride is present in the reaction mixture in an amount of from about 0.01 mol % to about 0.5 mol. %.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the difluorometal compound comprises Ti, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Zn, Co, or Ni.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the difluorometal compound is anhydrous.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the difluorometal compound comprises NiF 2 , MnF 2 , ZnF 2 , CoF 2 or FeF 2 .
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the diflurorometal compound is present in the reaction mixture in an amount of from about 00.1 mol. % to about 1.00 mol. %.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the fluoroorganic acid comprises a perfluorinated carboxylic acid.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the perfluorinated carboxylic acid comprises perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), trifluoroactetic acid, or combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the fluoroorganic acid comprises trifluoroacetic acid.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the fluoroorganic acid is present in the reaction mixture in an amount of from about 5 mol. % to about 25 mol. %.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction medium comprises water.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the mole ratio of alkaline earth metal fluoride to difluorometal compound is from about 10:1 to about 1:1.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkaline earth metal fluoride comprises barium fluoride, the difluorometal compound comprises NiF 2 , the fluoroorganic acid comprises trifluoroacetic acid and the ferroelectric material comprises BaNiF 4 .
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkaline earth metal fluoride comprises barium fluoride, the difluorometal compound comprises MnF 2 , the fluoroorganic acid comprises trifluoroacetic acid and the ferroelectric material comprises BaMnF 4 .
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkaline earth metal fluoride comprises barium fluoride, the difluorometal compound comprises ZnF 2 , the fluoroorganic acid comprises trifluoroacetic acid and the ferroelectric material comprises BaZnF 4 .
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the conditions for hydrothermal crystal growth comprise a reaction time period of from about 1 day to about 3 days.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the yield of ferroelectric material is equal to or greater than about 50%.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the ferroelectric material exhibits greater than about 99% phase purity.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the ferroelectric material has a piezoelectric charge constant of from about 5 pC/N to about 200 pC/N.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein the ferroelectric material has a piezoelectric voltage constant of from about 5 pm/V to about 200 pm/V.
23. The method of claim 1 wherein the ferroelectric material has a polarization value ranging from about 5 μC/cm 2 to about 25 μC/cm 2 .
24. A method for synthesis of a ferroelectric material characterized by the general formula A X B y F z where A is an alkaline earth metal, B is transition metal or a main group metal, x and y each range from about 1 to about 5, and z ranges from about 1 to about 20 comprising:
contacting an alkaline earth metal fluoride, a difluorometal compound and a fluoroorganic acid in a medium to form a reaction mixture; and
subjecting the reaction mixture to conditions suitable for hydrothermal crystal growth wherein the ferroelectric material has a piezoelectric charge constant of from about 5 pC/N to about 200 pC/N and the hydrothermal reaction being carried out at a temperature of 150-250° C. and a pressure of 5 atm to 75 atm.