Nanostructure and photovoltaic cell implementing same
Nanostructures and photovoltaic structures are disclosed. Methods for creating nanostructures are also presented.
1. A method of operating a photovoltaic structure, comprising:
providing a photovoltaic structure, the photovoltaic structure comprising an array of photovoltaic nanostructures, each photovoltaic nanostructure including:
a conductive nanocable that protrudes above a plane of a substrate along its respective axis, and
photovoltaic (PV) layers located above the nanocable and the substrate;
rotating, while incoming light impinges on the array from a given light source, the array of photovoltaic nanostructures within the plane of the substrate around an axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate;
determining an optimal rotation angle at which a power output from the array becomes a maximum as a function of a rotation angle during the rotation of the array within the plane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate; and
adjusting the rotation angle of the array to the optimal rotation angle by rotating the array within the pane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate for increasing the power output of the array,
wherein the time and extent of the rotation of the array around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate is set by an installer, and is automatically applied at an appropriate time.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising adjusting a presentation angle of the array, as measured between the axes of the conductive nanocables and the incoming light, for further increasing an observable power output of the array.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the array of photovoltaic nanostructures is characterized by an observable peak power output as the array is rotated around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the step of rotating the array around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate or the step of adjusting a presentation angle of the array, as measured between the axes of the conductive nanocables and the incoming light, is performed periodically, continuously, or at predetermined times during the day.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the step of rotating the array around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate or the step of adjusting a presentation angle, as measured between the axes of the conductive nanocables and the incoming light, of the array is performed automatically.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein each conductive nanocable comprises an interface between at least two refractive layers configured to refract or reflect light.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein rotating the array around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate or adjusting a presentation angle of the array, as measured between the axes of the conductive nanocables and the incoming light, changes the apparent optical thickness of the array to incident light.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein changing the apparent optical thickness of the array to incident light amplifies the number of times the incident light bounces within the nanostructures of the array.
9. The method of claim 3 , wherein an average grain size of at least one of the PV layers is less than about 100 nm.
10. The method of claim 3 , wherein an average grain size of each of the PV layers is less than about 100 nm.
11. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nanocables are elongated.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the nanocables have substantially uniform peripheries and longitudinal lengths.
13. The method of claim 3 , wherein the array of nanostructures is characterized by a capability to produce more than one electron per photon engaging the array of photovoltaic nanostructures.
14. A method of operating a photovoltaic structure, comprising:
providing a photovoltaic structure, the photovoltaic structure comprising an array of photovoltaic nanostructures each photovoltaic nanostructure including:
a conductive nanocable that protrudes above a plane of a substrate along its respective axis, and
photovoltaic (PV) layers located above the nanocable and the substrate;
rotating, while incoming light impinges on the array from a given light source, the array of photovoltaic nanostructures within the plane of the substrate around an axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate;
determining an optimal rotation angle at which a power output from the array becomes a maximum as a function of a rotation angle during the rotation of the array within the plane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate; and
adjusting the rotation angle of the array to the optimal rotation angle by rotating the array within the pane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate for increasing the power output of the array;
orienting the array to change a presentation angle between the axes of the conductive nanocables and the incoming light;
determining an optimal presentation angle at which a power output from the array becomes a maximum as a function of the presentation angle, wherein the optimal presentation angle occurs when the conductive nanocables are orientated between a parallel direction to the incoming light and a perpendicular direction to the incoming light; and
adjusting the presentation angle of the array to the optimal presentation angle for further increasing a power output of the array.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive nanocables protrude from the plane of the substrate along a direction that is normal to the plane of the substrate.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive nanocables protrude from the plane of the substrate along a direction that is tilted from a surface normal of the plane of the substrate.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the steps of rotating the array around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate and determining the optimal rotation angle are performed periodically, continuously, or at predetermined times during the day.
18. A method of operating a photovoltaic structure, comprising:
providing a photovoltaic structure, the photovoltaic structure comprising an array of photovoltaic nanostructures, each photovoltaic nanostructure including:
a conductive nanocable that protrudes above a plane of a substrate along its respective axis, and
photovoltaic (PV) layers located above the nanocable and the substrate;
rotating, while incoming light impinges on the array from a given light source, the array of photovoltaic nanostructures within the plane of the substrate around an axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate;
determining an optimal rotation angle at which a power output from the array becomes a maximum as a function of a rotation angle during the rotation of the array within the plane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate; and
adjusting the rotation angle of the array to the optimal rotation angle by rotating the array within the pane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate for increasing the power output of the array,
employing electronics, at least one actuator, and at least one motor to rotate the array within the plane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, or to change a presentation angle of the array that is measured between the axes of the conductive nanocables and the incoming light.
19. A method of operating a photovoltaic structure comprising:
providing a photovoltaic structure, the photovoltaic structure comprising an array of photovoltaic nanostructures, each photovoltaic nanostructure including:
a conductive nanocable that protrude above a plane of a substrate along its respective axis, and
photovoltaic (PV) layers located above the nanocable and the substrate;
orienting, while incoming light from given light source impinges on the array, the array to change a presentation angle between the axes of the conductive nanocables and the incoming light;
determining an optimal presentation angle at which a power output from the array becomes a maximum as a function of the presentation angle, wherein the optimal presentation angle occurs when the axes of the conductive nanocables are orientated between a parallel direction to the incoming light and a perpendicular direction to the incoming light;
adjusting the presentation angle of the array to the optimal presentation angle for increasing a power output of the array;
rotating, while the incoming light impinges on the array, the array of photovoltaic nanostructures within the plane of the substrate around the axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the substrate;
determining an optimal rotation angle at which the power output from the array becomes a maximum as a function of a rotation angle during the rotation of the array within the plane of the substrate; and
adjusting, employing at least one actuator and at least one motor, the rotation angle of the array to the optimal rotation angle by rotating the array within the plane of the substrate for further increasing the power output of the array.