Prodrugs of short-chain fatty acids and treatment methods
Prodrugs made up of biologically-active short-chain fatty acids or derivatives thereof conjugated to neutral or cationic amino acids capable of intracellular transport by ATB 0 , + are provided. The short-chain fatty acid or derivative thereof can be attached to the amino acid through a hydroxyl group of the amino acid to form a fatty acid ester of the amino acid, or it can be attached through the amino group of the amino acid to form a fatty-acid amide of the amino acid. Serine butyrate (O-butyryl serine) is a preferred prodrug. These prodrugs are useful for treatment of colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, lung cancer, cervical cancer, and cancers resulting from metastases from primary colon cancer sites. Methods of delivering biologically-active short-chain fatty acids or derivatives thereof to cells in need of these molecules and methods of treating diseases using the prodrugs of this invention are also provided.
1. A method for treating a disease condition characterized by upregulation of transporter ATB 0,+ selected from the group consisting of colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, lung cancer, cervical cancer, and cancers resulting from metastases from primary colon cancer sites in a patient, the method comprising:
administering an effective amount of a prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrug to said patient,
wherein said prodrug comprises an amino acid capable of intracellular transport by ATB 0,+ attached to a short-chain fatty acid;
wherein said amino acid capable of intracellular transport by ATB 0,+ is attached to said short-chain fatty chain acid by a hydroxyl group of the amino acid to form an ester with the amino acid, or said amino acid capable of intracellular transport by ATB 0,+ is attached said short-chain fatty chain acid by the amino group of the amino acid to form an amide with the amino acid.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said disease condition is further characterized by downregulation of SLC5A8.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said prodrug is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of an oral delivery carrier, a suppository delivery carrier, an intravenous delivery carrier, and an aerosol carrier.
4. The method of claim 1 comprising administering said prodrug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said short-chain fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of butyrate, pyruvate, acetate, and propionate.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said prodrug comprises serine butyrate, serine pyruvate, serine acetate, or serine propionate.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said prodrug comprises serine butyrate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said short-chain fatty acid thereof comprises 3-bromopyruvate.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting neutral and cationic L- and D-amino acids.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting of the L-enantiomers of alanine, serine, methionine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, arginine, valine and isoleucine and the D-enantiomers of alanine, serine, methionine, leucine, and tryptophan.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting of the L-enantiomers of serine, threonine and tyrosine.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said amino acid is a modified amino acid modified to comprise a hydroxyl group, and said short-chain fatty acid is attached to said modified amino acid through said hydroxyl group to foam a fatty acid ester of said modified amino acid.
13. A method for treating cancer characterized by upregulation of transporter ATB 0,+ by targeting a short-chain fatty acid to cancer cells in a patient, the method comprising:
administering an effective amount of a prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said prodrug to said patient;
wherein said prodrug comprises an amino acid capable of intracellular transport by ATB 0,+ attached to a short-chain fatty acid;
wherein said amino acid capable of intracellular transport by ATB 0,+ is attached to said short-chain fatty chain acid by a hydroxyl group of the amino acid to form an ester with the amino acid, or said amino acid capable of intracellular transport by ATB 0,+ is attached said short-chain fatty chain acid by the amino group of the amino acid to form an amide with the amino acid.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said cancer is further characterized by downregulation of SLC5A8.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein said short-chain fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of butyrate, pyruvate, acetate, and propionate.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting of the L-enantiomers of alanine, serine, methionine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine, glutamine, asparagine, lysine, arginine, valine and isoleucine and the D-enantiomers of alanine, serine, methionine, leucine, and tryptophan.
17. The method of claim 13 comprising administering said prodrug in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
18. The method of claim 13 wherein said prodrug is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected from the group consisting of an oral delivery carrier, a suppository delivery carrier, an intravenous delivery carrier, and an aerosol carrier.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein said prodrug comprises serine butyrate, serine pyruvate, serine acetate, or serine propionate.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein said prodrug comprises serine butyrate.
21. The method of claim 13 , wherein said short-chain fatty acid thereof comprises 3-bromopyruvate.
22. The method of claim 13 , wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting neutral and cationic L- and D-amino acids.
23. The method of claim 13 wherein said amino acid is a modified amino acid modified to comprise a hydroxyl group, and said short-chain fatty acid is attached to said modified amino acid through said hydroxyl group to form a fatty acid ester of said modified amino acid.