Irritation-reducing ocular iontophoresis device
The invention provides an ocular iontophoresis device for delivering medication, the device comprising a medication reservoir suitable for being positioned on the eye, at least one medication in solution in the reservoir, an active electrode disposed in the reservoir, and a passive electrode, the device including at least one medication dissolved in non-saline water, the said solution having a lying in the range 6.5 to 8.5, the medication having a pKa lying in the range about 5.5 to about 9.5 and includes an active principle which is associated with an additive, such as a dendrimer, a polymer, a nanoparticle, a microsphere, a liposome, or an emulsion, and having an ionic form of valency greater than or equal to 1.
1. An ocular iontophoresis device for delivering medication to an eye, comprising;
an outer sidewall, the outer sidewall having a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end of the outer sidewall configured to engage the eye for delivery of the medication;
an inner sidewall, the inner sidewall having a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end of the inner sidewall configured to engage the eye for delivery of the medication, wherein the inner sidewall has a diameter less than a diameter of the outer sidewall;
an active electrode coupling the proximal ends of the outer and inner sidewalls;
wherein the active electrode comprising:
an electrically conductive layer; and
a protective layer coupled to the electrically conductive layer, the protective layer reacting significantly less than the conductive layer during iontophoretic delivery of the medication; and
the outer sidewall, the inner sidewall, and the protective layer of the active electrode defining a reservoir configured to store the medication.
2. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 1 , wherein the protective layer comprising:
a material that erodes little or not at all during iontophoretic delivery of the medication and is sufficiently conductive to avoid excessively reducing the application of an electric field delivered by the conductive layer.
3. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 2 , wherein the material comprising:
at least one of a polyacetyline, a polyaniline, a polypyrrole, a polyphenylene, a polythiophene, a polymer filled with carbon black, a carbon fiber, a graphite, and a diamond-like carbon.
4. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 1 , wherein the protective layer substantially covers the electrically conductive layer.
5. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 1 , wherein the distal end of at least one of the sidewalls increases in rigidity, wherein each section of the sidewall becomes progressively larger and larger going away from an opening of the reservoir.
6. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 5 , wherein the sidewall comprising a ramp sloping progressively away from the opening of the reservoir.
7. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 5 , wherein the sidewall comprising a lip of section that increases going away from the opening of the reservoir and of sides that are concave.
8. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 5 , wherein the sidewall comprising successive layers of ever increasing section going away from the opening of the reservoir.
9. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 8 , wherein the layers are configured to have ever increasing hardness.
10. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 5 , wherein the sidewall comprising a rigid portion that closes the reservoir at the proximal end and provides reinforcement against mechanical forces from an eyelid.
11. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 1 , wherein the active electrode is configured in the form of a ring or a portion thereof.
12. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 1 , wherein the distal end of the inner sidewall is slightly offset relative to the distal end of the outer sidewall such that the opening of the reservoir defines a concave curved surface that is substantially complementary in shape to a convex curved shape of a surface of the eye.
13. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 1 , wherein the reservoir further comprising a rear portion extending from the proximal end of the reservoir.
14. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 1 , wherein the reservoir comprising an electrically insulating material.
15. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 14 , wherein the electrically insulating material comprising at least one of a plastics material, a silicone material, and a polymer.
16. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 15 , wherein a medication is stored within the electrically insulating material.
17. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 16 , wherein the medication is stored between the protective layer and the distal end of the reservoir.
18. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 15 , wherein the medication is stored as a gel or a solution within the electrically insulating material.
19. The ocular iontophoresis device of claim 15 , wherein the active electrode is curved, the active electrode having an inside radius of medication curvature close to a radius of curvature of a cornea.