Array-type NH
An array-type sensor that senses NH 3 includes non-Nernstian sensing elements constructed from metal and/or metal-oxide electrodes on an O 2 ion conducting substrate. In one example sensor, one electrode may be made of platinum, another electrode may be made of manganese (III) oxide (Mn 2 O 3 ), and another electrode may be made of tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ). Some sensing elements may further include an electrode made of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 and another electrode made of LaCr 0.95 Mg 0.05 O 3 .
1. A method of sensing ammonia (NH 3 ) with an array-type sensor, the array-type sensor comprising a substrate that comprises an oxygen-ion conducting material, and an array of electrodes disposed on the substrate, the method comprising:
operating a first electrode of the array of electrodes at a first temperature that is in a first temperature range, the first temperature range being from approximately 550-degrees Celsius to approximately 650-degrees Celsius, the first electrode comprising platinum (Pt);
operating a second electrode of the array of electrodes at a second temperature that is in the first temperature range, the second electrode comprising manganese (III) oxide (Mn 2 O 3 );
operating a third electrode of the array of electrodes at a third temperature that is in a second temperature range, the second temperature range being from approximately 650-degrees Celsius to approximately 750-degrees Celsius, the third electrode comprising tungsten trioxide (WO 3 );
operating a fourth electrode of the array of electrodes at a fourth temperature that is in the second temperature range, the fourth electrode comprising La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 ;
operating a fifth electrode of the array of electrodes at a fifth temperature that is in the second temperature range, the fifth electrode comprising LaCr 0.95 Mg 0.05 O 3 ; and
sensing, with the array-type sensor, ammonia (NH 3 ) in response to the first electrode operating at the first temperature, the second electrode operating at the second temperature, the third electrode operating at the third temperature, the fourth electrode operating at the fourth temperature, and the fifth electrode operating at the fifth temperature.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen-ion conducting material comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first temperature and the second temperature are substantially the same, and wherein the third temperature, the fourth temperature, and the fifth temperature are substantially the same.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first temperature and second temperature are both approximately 600-degrees Celsius, and wherein the third temperature, the fourth temperature, and the fifth temperature are each approximately 700-degrees Celsius.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
heating, with a heater layer of the array-type sensor, the first electrode to the first temperature, the second electrode to the second temperature, the third electrode to the third temperature, the fourth electrode to the fourth temperature, and the fifth electrode to the fifth temperature.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the heater layer comprises a first heater and a second heater, and wherein heating comprises:
heating, with the first heater, the first electrode to the first temperature and the second electrode to the second temperature, wherein the first temperature and the second temperature are substantially the same; and
heating, with the second heater, the third electrode to the third temperature, the fourth temperature to the fourth temperature, and the fifth electrode to the fifth temperature, wherein the third temperature, the fourth temperature, and the fifth temperature are substantially the same.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first heater is disposed under the first electrode and the second electrode, and wherein the second heater is disposed under the third electrode, the fourth electrode, and the fifth electrode.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the array-type sensor further comprises a cover layer having a porous portion disposed above the array of electrodes, the method further comprising:
diffusing, through the porous portion of the cover layer, the ammonia (NH 3 ).
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cover layer further comprises a plurality of contacts in electrical communication with the array of electrodes, the method further comprising:
generating, between two contacts of the plurality of contacts, a direct current (DC) voltage when the array of electrodes is exposed to the ammonia (NH 3 ),
wherein sensing the ammonia (NH 3 ) comprises sensing, with the array-type sensor, the ammonia (NH 3 ) in response to generating the DC voltage.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the array of electrodes further comprises a sixth electrode comprising platinum (Pt), the method further comprising:
operating the sixth electrode at a sixth temperature that is in the second temperature range.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein one of the first electrode and the second electrode is electrically connected to one of the third electrode, the fourth electrode, and the fifth electrode.
12. A method of sensing ammonia (NH 3 ) in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) subsystem of an exhaust system, the method comprising:
positioning an array-type sensor at an output of the SCR subsystem, wherein the array-type sensor comprises a substrate that comprises an oxygen-ion conducting material, and an array of electrodes disposed on the substrate;
operating a first set of electrodes of the array of electrodes at a first temperature that is in a first temperature range, the first temperature range being from approximately 550-degrees Celsius to approximately 650-degrees Celsius, wherein the first set of electrodes comprises a first electrode comprising platinum (Pt) and a second electrode comprising manganese (III) oxide (Mn 2 O 3 );
operating a second set of electrodes of the array of electrodes at a second temperature that is in a second temperature range, the second temperature range being from approximately 650-degrees Celsius to approximately 750-degrees Celsius, the second set of electrodes comprising a third electrode comprising tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ); a fourth electrode comprising La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 ; and a fifth electrode comprising LaCr 0.95 Mg 0.05 O 3 ; and
sensing, with the array-type sensor positioned at the output of the SCR subsystem, ammonia (NH 3 ) in response to the first set of electrodes operating at the first temperature and the second set of electrodes operating at the second temperature.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the oxygen-ion conducting material is yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ).
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein operating the first set of electrodes at the first temperature comprises operating the first electrode and the second electrode at the same temperature, and wherein operating the second set of electrodes at the second temperature comprises operating the third electrode, the fourth electrode, and the fifth electrode at the same temperature.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first temperature is approximately 600-degrees Celsius and the second temperature is approximately 700-degrees Celsius.
16. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
heating, with a heater layer of the array-type sensor, the first set of electrodes to the first temperature and the second set of electrodes to the second temperature.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the heater layer comprises a first heater and a second heater, and wherein heating comprises:
heating, with the first heater, the first set of electrodes to the first temperature; and
heating, with the second heater, the second set of electrodes to the second temperature.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first heater is disposed under the first set of electrodes, and wherein the second heater is disposed under the second set of electrodes.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the array-type sensor further comprises a cover layer having a porous portion disposed above the array of electrodes, the method further comprising:
diffusing, through the porous portion of the cover layer, the ammonia (NH 3 ).
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the cover layer further comprises a plurality of contacts in electrical communication with the array of electrodes, the method further comprising:
generating, between two contacts of the plurality of contacts, a direct current (DC) voltage when the array of electrodes is exposed to the ammonia (NH 3 ),
wherein sensing the ammonia (NH 3 ) comprises sensing, with the array-type sensor positioned at the output of the SCR subsystem, the ammonia (NH 3 ) in response to generating the DC voltage.
21. The method of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of electrodes further comprises at least one sixth electrode comprising platinum (Pt), the method further comprising:
operating the at least one sixth electrode at the second temperature.
22. The method of claim 12 , wherein one of the electrodes in the first set of electrodes is electrically connected to one of the electrodes in the second set of electrodes.