PHOTOVOLTAIC APPARATUS FOR DIRECT CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
A photovoltaic apparatus for directly converting solar energy into electrical energy. The apparatus can include a concentrator optics arrangement configured to reduce a transmission of the solar energy at wavelengths of less than or equal to about 350 nm by at least approximately 50%; at least one solar cell; and at least one heat sink.
1 - 20 . (canceled)
21 . A photovoltaic apparatus for directly converting solar energy into electrical energy, comprising:
a concentrator optics arrangement configured to reduce a transmission of the solar energy at wavelengths of less than or equal to about 350 nm by at least approximately 50%; and
at least one solar cell coupled to the concentrator optics arrangement and configured to receive and directly convert the solar energy into electrical energy.
22 . The apparatus of claim 21 , further comprising a heat sink.
23 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the concentrator optics arrangement is one of a single-stage concentrator optics arrangement or a two-stage concentrator optics arrangement.
24 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the concentrator optics arrangement includes a first optics arrangement, and a second optics arrangement, and wherein the first and second optics arrangement are configured as a two-stage concentrator for the solar energy.
25 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the concentrator optics arrangement includes a radiation absorber configured to reduce the transmission of the solar energy at wavelengths of less than or equal to about 350 nm by at least approximately 50%.
26 . The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the radiation absorber is disposed in a portion of the apparatus having a low concentration of the solar energy.
27 . The apparatus of claim 24 , further comprising a laminate-forming or adhesive connection layer disposed between a cover plate and the first optics arrangement.
28 . The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the second optics arrangement includes a transparent material.
29 . The apparatus of claim 28 , wherein the transparent material includes at least one of an inorganic glass, an organic glass, or a transparent polymer.
30 . The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein the second optics arrangement includes a radiation absorptive coating disposed on a surface facing the solar energy.
31 . The apparatus of claim 30 , wherein the surface facing the solar energy is treated using at least one of a wet-chemical etching process or a dry-chemical etching process so as to make the surface radiation absorbent.
32 . The apparatus of claim 31 , wherein the transparent material includes a transparent polymer, and the transparent polymer treatment includes a plasma dry-etch under atmospheric pressure or lower.
33 . The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the second optics arrangement includes a reflective hollow body having a radiation absorptive coating disposed on at least a portion of an interior surface.
34 . The apparatus of claim 24 , further comprising a coating configured to effect optical coupling disposed between the second optics arrangement and the solar cell.
35 . The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the radiation absorber includes at least one of a cover plate, the first optics arrangement, the second optics arrangement, a first coating disposed on a surface of a cover plate facing the solar energy, a connection layer disposed between the cover plate and the first optics arrangement, a second coating disposed on a surface of the second optics arrangement facing the solar energy, a third coating configured to effect optical coupling disposed between the second optics arrangement and the solar cell, or a fourth coating disposed on at least a portion of an interior surface of the second optics arrangement includes a coating.
36 . The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein at least one of a first coating disposed on a surface of a cover plate facing the solar energy or a second coating disposed on a surface of the second optics arrangement facing the solar energy includes an index of refraction between about 1.3 and about 1.5.
37 . The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the radiation absorber includes at least one of an oxanilide, a benzotriazole, a benzophenone, a hydroxyl-phenyl-triazine, a sterically hindered amines (HALS), or mixtures thereof.
38 . The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the radiation absorber includes a titanium dioxide nanoparticle.
39 . The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the first optics arrangement includes a Fresnel lens.
40 . The apparatus of claim 39 , wherein the Fresnel lens includes a micro-replicated Fresnel lens.
41 . The apparatus of claim 39 , wherein the Fresnel lens includes at least one of a thermoplastic material, a thermosetting material, a thermoplastic elastomer, or an elastomer.
42 . The apparatus of claim 39 , wherein the Fresnel lens includes at least one of a silicone resin, a polymethyl methacrylate, an acrylate lacquer, a polyurethane lacquer, or a dual cure lacquer.
43 . The apparatus of claim 27 , wherein the connection layer includes at least one of an ethylene vinyl acetate, a polyvinyl butyral, an acrylate-based adhesive layer, a hot-melt adhesive, a polyamide, a polyethylene, an amorphous polyalpha olefin, a polyester elastomer, a polyurethane elastomer, a co-polyamide elastomer, a vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer, a polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin, a silicone or a vinylester resin.
44 . The apparatus of claim 34 , wherein the coating includes at least one of a silicone, a transparent polymer, or an organic-inorganic hybrid polymer.
45 . The apparatus of claim 34 , wherein the coating includes a cover layer disposed on a carrier layer or a carrier substrate of silver or aluminum, the coating layer having at least one of TiOx, SnOx or ZnOx.
46 . The apparatus of claim 21 , further comprising a cover plate including a glass, the glass having at least one of a Cer-doped glass, a borosilicate glass, or a soda lime glass, and the cover plate includes a protective coating disposed on a surface facing the solar energy.