Lithium metal phosphate/carbon nanocomposites as cathode active materials for rechargeable lithium batteries
A process for the synthesis of lithium metal phosphate/carbon nanocomposites as cathode active materials in rechargeable electrochemical cells comprising mixing and reacting precursors of lithium, transition metal(s) and phosphate with high surface area activated carbon, preferably phosphorylated carbon.
1. A process for the synthesis of lithium metal phosphate/carbon nanocomposites for use as cathode active materials in rechargeable electrochemical cells comprising:
a) impregnating a cellulosic precursor with an activating agent comprising phosphoric acid or a phosphate salt or a phosphate ester,
b) heating the impregnated cellulosic precursor to produce a phosphorylated carbon from about 450° C. to about 600° C.,
c) mixing the phosphorylated carbon with precursor compounds of lithium and transition metals and optionally dopants and compounds containing phosphate that are not precursor compounds of lithium and transition metals, and
d) heating the mixture of step c) to produce a nanocomposite of lithium metal phosphate and carbon, wherein at least a portion of the phosphorous for the lithium metal phosphate of the lithium metal phosphate/C composite is of phosphorylated carbon serving as a reaction precursor.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the cellulosic precursor is a material selected from the group consisting of hardwood, softwood, woodchips, wood flour, sawdust, straw, nut shells, nut pits, fruit stones, cotton, linen, jute, bark, cork, cellulose pulp, paper, and a mixture or mixtures thereof.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the cellulosic precursor is selected from the group consisting of cellulose pulp, paper, cotton, or a mixture thereof.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the cellulosic precursor is impregnated with a solution of phosphoric acid or a phosphate salt or a phosphate ester, in a weight ratio of phosphate or phosphoric acid to cellulosic precursor on a dry basis that is from about 0.1 to 5.0.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein a graphitization catalyst is added in step a).
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the impregnated cellulosic precursor of step a) is heated to a temperature in the range from about 450° C. to about 600° C.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the heating rate is high enough in step b) to cause foaming of the mixture.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the additional optional compounds containing phosphate are H 3 PO 4 , HPO 3 , P 2 O 5 , LiH 2 PO 4 , Li 2 HPO 4 , Li 3 PO 4 , lithium metaphosphate or polyphosphate, NH 4 H 2 PO 4 , and (NH4) 2 HPO 4 , or combinations thereof.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein there are no optional compounds containing phosphate.