Piezoelectric polymer fibers
Piezoelectric fibers include a polypeptide wherein molecules of the polypeptide have electric dipole moments that are aligned such that the piezoelectric fiber provides a piezoelectric effect at an operating temperature. A piezoelectric component provides a plurality of piezoelectric fibers, each comprising an organic polymer. A method of producing piezoelectric fibers includes electrospinning a polymer solution to form a fiber and winding the fiber onto a rotating target in which the rotating target is electrically grounded. An acoustic sensor includes a plurality acoustic transducers, wherein the plurality of acoustic transducers are structured and arranged to detect a corresponding plurality of vector components of an acoustic signal, and at least one of the plurality of acoustic transducers comprises a piezoelectric fiber.
1. A piezoelectric fiber comprising a polypeptide, wherein molecules of said polypeptide have electric dipole moments that are aligned such that said piezoelectric fiber provides a piezoelectric effect.
2. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , comprising a polypeptide other than poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate).
3. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide molecules have electric dipole moments greater than or equal to 35 Debye.
4. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein the electric dipole moments are aligned parallel to the axis of the fiber.
5. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric fiber has a diameter of at least 10 nm.
6. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric fiber has at least one piezoelectric constant d 31 and d 33 that is at least 1pC/N.
7. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric fiber has an operating temperature in the range of about 4° C. to 80° C.
8. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein said polypeptide has a helical structure.
9. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 8 , wherein the helical structure is an α-helix.
10. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein said polypeptide has a degree of polymerization between about 20 and about 3000.
11. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide comprises repeating residues of γ-esters of glutamic acid, β-esters of aspartic acid, alanine, phenylalanine, or combinations thereof.
12. The piezoelectric fiber of claim 11 , wherein the polypeptide comprises repeating residues of γ-benzyl glutamic acid.
13. A piezoelectric component comprising a plurality of piezoelectric fibers each comprising an organic polymer wherein molecules of said organic polymer have electric dipole moments that are aligned such that each said piezoelectric fiber provides a piezoelectric effect at an operating temperature and wherein the electric dipole moments in different fibers are non-randomly oriented.
14. A piezoelectric component according to claim 13 , wherein the electric dipole moments in different fibers are oriented in the same direction.
15. A piezoelectric component according to claim 13 , further comprising a matrix polymer.
16. A piezoelectric component according to claim 13 which is a film.
17. A piezoelectric component according to claim 16 , wherein the polymer fibers are oriented parallel to a surface of the film.
18. An electronic device comprising a piezoelectric fiber according to claim 1 .
19. An electronic device according to claim 18 , wherein said electronic device is at least one of a transducer, nanoswitch, cantilever, actuator, sensor, vector sensor, array sensor, microphone, speaker, and an energy harvesting device.
20. An electronic device comprising a piezoelectric component according to claim 13 .
21. An acoustic sensor comprising a plurality acoustic transducers, wherein said plurality of acoustic transducers are structured and arranged to detect a corresponding plurality of vector components of an acoustic signal, and
wherein at least one of said plurality of acoustic transducers comprises a piezoelectric fiber.
22. An acoustic sensor according to claim 21 , wherein said piezoelectric fiber comprises a polypeptide, wherein molecules of said polypeptide have electric dipole moments that are aligned such that said piezoelectric fiber provides a piezoelectric effect at an operating temperature.