Alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization
The invention relates to the field of polymers and olefin polymerization, and more specifically olefin metathesis polymerization. The invention provides regioregular alternating polymers and methods of synthesizing such polymers.
1. A method for producing a polymer comprising the repeating unit (Ia) or (Ib):
which comprises contacting an olefin of structure (IIa) or (IIb) with a cyclobutene of structure (III)
in the presence of an olefin metathesis catalyst, wherein
R is selected form the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, aralkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, C 1 -C 20 alkylthio, C 2 -C 20 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 20 alkenylthio, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyloxy, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, heterocyclyloxy, or heterocyclylthio;
R 1′ and R 1″ through R 6′ and R 6″ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 20 hetero-substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, C 2 -C 20 alkenyloxy, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and halogen; or one or more or pairs of substituents selected from the group consisting of R 1′ —R 2′ , R 2′ —R 3′ , R 3′ —R 4′ , and R 5′ —R 6′ , together with the carbons to which they are attached, form a carbocyclic or pairs of substituents selected from the group consisting of R 1′ -R 2′ , R 2′ -R 3′ , R 3′ -R 4′ , and R 5′ -R 6′ , together with the carbons
R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 hetero-substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, C 1 -C 20 acyloxy, C 1 -C 20 substituted-amino, C 1 -C 20 protected-amino, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and halogen;
with the proviso that any carbon-carbon double bonds in R or in R 1′ and R 1″ through R 6′ and R 6″ are essentially unreactive toward metathesis reactions with the catalyst.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising combining a polymer block comprising repeating units (Ia) or (Ib) into a block copolymer.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is an alkylidene ruthenium complex of formula (L)(L′)X 2 Ru═CHR′ or (L) 2 (L′)X 2 Ru═CHR′, wherein
R′ is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, and aryl;
L is a ligand selected from the group consisting of trialkyl phosphines, triarylphosphines, tri(cycloalkyl)phosphines, pyridine and substituted pyridine;
L′ is a ligand selected from the group consisting of trialkyl phosphines, triarylphosphines, tri(cycloalkyl)phosphines, pyridine, substituted pyridine, and imidazolin-2-ylidine carbenes of formula
wherein Ar is an ortho-substituted aryl or an aryl; and
X is F, Cl, or Br.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein L is pyridine or substituted pyridine.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein L is 3-bromopyridyl, 3-chloropyridyl or pyridine.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the catalyst is an alkylidene ruthenium complex of formula
(L)(L′)X 2 Ru═CHR′ or (L) 2 (L′)X 2 Ru═CHR′, wherein
R′ is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 2 -C 10 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, and aryl;
L is a ligand selected from the group consisting of trialkyl phosphines, triarylphosphines, tri(cycloalkyl)phosphines, pyridine and substituted pyridine;
L′ is a ligand selected from the group consisting of trialkyl phosphines, triarylphosphines, tri(cycloalkyl)phosphines, pyridine, substituted pyridine, and imidazoline-2-ylidine carbenes of formula
wherein Ar is an ortho-substituted aryl or an alkyl; and
X is F, Cl, or Br.
7. The method of claim 3 , claim 4 or claim 5 , or claim 6 wherein L′ is an imidazolin-2-ylidine carbene and Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, mesityl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2,3-diisopropylphenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, and 3,5-di-t-butylphenyl.
8. The method of claim 1 or claim 2 , wherein the catalyst is a molybdenum or tungsten metathesis catalyst.
9. A polymer comprising the repeating unit (Ia) or (Ib):
wherein R is selected form the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, aralkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, C 1 -C 20 alkylthio, C 2 -C 20 alkenyloxy, C 2 -C 20 alkenylthio, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyloxy, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, heterocyclyloxy, or heterocyclylthio;
R 1′ and R 1″ through R 6′ and R 6″ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 20 hetero-substituted alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, C 2 -C 20 alkenyloxy, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and halogen; or one or pairs of substituents selected from the group consisting of R 1′ —R 2′ , R 2′ —R 3′ , R 3′ —R 4′ , and R 5′ —R 6′ , together with the carbons to which they are attached, form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 hetero-substituted alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, C 1 -C 20 alkoxy, C 1 -C 20 acyloxy, C 1 -C 20 substituted-amino, C 1 -C 20 protected-amino, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heterocyclyloxy, and halogen.
10. The polymer of claim 9 , wherein the polymer comprising the repeating unit (Ia) or (Ib) is a cyclic polymer.
11. The polymer of claim 9 , wherein polymer comprising the repeating unit (Ia) or (Ib) is a block in a block copolymer.
12. A method of inhibiting microbial growth or inhibiting biofilm formation on a surface comprising the step of contacting one or more microbes with a polymer of claim 9 .
13. A method of preparing a therapeutic agent for delivery to a subject comprising combining the therapeutic agent with a polymer of claim 9 .
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the therapeutic agent is conjugated to the polymer.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the therapeutic agent is contained in a micelle comprising the polymer.