Methods, Systems and Devices for Separating Tumor Cells
Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to the separation/capture of specific cells and/or contaminants, as well as the determination, monitoring, and treatment of cancer. Moreover, some embodiments are directed to methods, systems and devices for removing cancer, stem and/or tumor cells in vivo or in vitro from a bodily fluid to prevent or impede the proliferation of a cancer. Some embodiments provide a blood-compatible filter comprising, for example, a membrane provided with a number of openings (preferably precise) which yield minimal detrimental effect both quantitatively and qualitatively on cells present in the bodily fluid during the separation process. For example, in some embodiments, a majority percentage of circulating tumor cells are captured by a filter while a majority percentage of leukocytes, for example, are allowed to pass, where the passed leukocytes retain their vitality.
1 . A separation device for capturing CTCs from a bodily fluid also at least containing leukocytes, the device comprising a filter configured to capture a majority percentage of the CTCs contained in the bodily fluid and pass a majority percentage of the leukocytes through the filter, wherein the vitality of substantially all of the passed leukocytes is preserved.
2 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a membrane including a thickness and a plurality of openings arranged over the membrane and traversing through the membrane.
3 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the thickness of the membrane and the width of the openings are configured to pass and preserve the vitality of the majority percentage of leukocytes in the bodily fluid.
4 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the majority percentage of at least one of the captured CTCs and the passed leukocytes is selected from the group consisting of: greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 99%, and greater than about 99.9%.
5 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the openings include a width between about 3 μm and about 5 μm.
6 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the openings include a width between about 5 μm and about 8 μm.
7 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the thickness of the membrane is between about 5% and about 25% the width of the openings.
8 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the filter allows passage of red blood cells present in the bodily fluid with a hemolysis of less than about 1%.
9 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the filter allows passage of more than about 99% of the leukocytes and the vitality of substantially all of the passed leukocytes is preserved.
10 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the filter allows passage of more than about 99.99% of the leukocytes and the vitality of substantially all of the passed leukocytes is preserved.
11 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane further includes a blood compatible or bio-compatible coating.
12 . The device of claim 11 , wherein the thickness of the coating is less than about 500 nanometers.
13 . The device of claim 11 , wherein the coating comprises an inorganic material.
14 . The device of claim 13 , wherein the inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of: titanium, titanium nitride, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
15 . The device of claim 11 , wherein the coating comprises an organic material.
16 . The device according to claim 15 , wherein the organic material is selected from the group consisting of: polysiloxanes, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), pHEMA (Poly2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), and combinations thereof.
17 . The device of claim 15 , wherein the organic material coating is covalently attached to the membrane surface.
18 . The device of claim 11 , wherein the coating is selected from the groups consisting of: poly(acrylate), poly(acrylamide), poly(methacrylate), poly(methacrylamide), polystyrene poly (vinylpyridine), poly(vinylimidazole) with or without zwitterionic groups
19 . The device of claim 18 , wherein the zwitterionic group is selected from the groups consisting of: phosphorylcholine, sulfobetaine, carboxybetaine, amine-N-oxide sub groups, and combinations thereof.
20 . The device of claim 1 , wherein receptor molecules are provided with the filter
21 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane includes a zwitterionic coating, and receptor molecules are provided on the coating to avoid non-selective adsorption of other species.
22 . The device of claim 1 , wherein a flow capacity of the filter is greater than about 1 ml/min per cm 2 of filter area at a pressure of about 100 Pascal for a bodily fluid having a viscosity of about 5 milliPa-sec.
23 . The device of claim 1 , wherein a flow capacity of the filter is greater than about 40 ml/hour per 9 mm 2 of filter area at a pressure of about 4 torr for a bodily fluid having a viscosity of about 5 milliPa-sec and the openings in the filter have a width of less or equal then 5 micron.
24 . The device of claim 1 , wherein a flow capacity of the filter is greater than about 5 ml/hour per 9 mm 2 of filter area at a pressure of about 12 torr for a bodily fluid having a viscosity of about 5 milliPa-sec and the openings in the filter have a width of less or equal then 3.5 micron.
25 . The device of claim 18 , wherein the zwitterionic groups comprise zwitterionic polymers created by polymerizing a monomer with a zwitterion precursor functional group.
26 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the combined area of the openings relative to a total area of the membrane is at least about 25%.
27 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the nearest distance between two openings on at least a portion of the membrane is less than about twice the width of the openings.
28 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane comprises an inorganic material having at least one of a Young's Modulus greater than about 10 GPa and a controlled internal stress.
29 . The device of claim 2 , wherein substantially all of the captured CTCs are not trapped within the openings of the membrane.
30 . The device of claim 2 , wherein substantially all captured CTCs are retained along the surface of the membrane
31 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane includes a coating (with receptor molecules???) and wherein CTCs are retained along the surface of the coating.
32 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane comprises a silicon rich silicon nitride having a controlled internal stress.
33 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane comprises a diamond like carbon material (DLC).
34 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane comprises a material having a Young's Modulus greater than about 10 GPa and a yield strength greater than about 1 GPa.
35 . A method for separating CTCs from a bodily fluid while preserving leukocytes contained in the bodily fluid, the method comprising:
providing a filter having a flow capacity;
flowing a bodily fluid including at least a plurality of CTCs and a plurality of leukocytes through the filter;
capturing, by the filter, a majority percentage of the CTCs contained in the bodily fluid;
and
passing a majority percentage of the leukocytes through the filter, wherein the vitality of substantially all of the passed leukocytes is preserved.
36 . The method of claim 35 , wherein the majority percentage of at least one of the captured CTCs and the passed leukocytes is selected from the group consisting of: greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 99%, and greater than about 99.9%.