Emulsified polymer drilling fluid and methods of preparation
A water-based polymer drilling fluid, containing effective quantities of surfactants having HLB numbers equal to or greater than approximately 7, emulsifies oil and bitumen contained in oil sand cuttings, resulting in the oil and bitumen being dispersed into the mud as an emulsion. This eliminates or significantly reduces the ability of the oil, bitumen, and cuttings to clog the well or stick to drill string components when drilling a well through oil-bearing sands, particularly sands containing highly viscous oil or bitumen. The emulsification process separates the sand particles from the oil and bitumen, such that the sand particles can be removed when the mud is run through a conventional shale shaker or other suitable apparatus.
1. A process for making a water-based, emulsified drilling fluid containing emulsified bitumen from oil sand cuttings, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a primary fluid comprising water, a viscosity agent, and one or more surfactants having HLB numbers equal to or greater than approximately 7 but not exceeding approximately 13; and
(b) mixing the primary fluid with cuttings produced by drilling through oil sand formations containing bitumen, by circulating the primary fluid through the annular space of a wellbore drilled through an oil sand formation;
wherein said one or more surfactants comprise a nonyl phenol 4 mole ethoxylate and are effective to emulsify the bitumen from oil sand cuttings produced during drilling, and the emulsified bitumen becomes substantially uniformly dispersed within the primary fluid, thereby forming the emulsified drilling fluid.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the water content of the emulsified drilling fluid is between 75 percent and 95 percent by volume.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more polymer materials.
4. The process of claim 3 , wherein the one or more polymer materials are selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, polyanionic cellulose, modified starch, and non-modified starch.
5. The process of claim 3 , wherein the concentration of polymer materials is in the range from 0.1 to 25 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more alkaline materials.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein the one or more alkaline materials are selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
8. The process of claim 6 , wherein the total concentration of the one or more alkaline materials is in the range from 0.5 to 5 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates a carrier oil having solvent properties.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the concentration of the carrier oil is in the range from 0.1 to 75 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more weighting materials.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the one or more weighting materials are selected from the group consisting of barite, hematite, and calcium carbonate.
13. The process of claim 11 , wherein the concentration of the one or more weighting materials is in the range from 0.1 to 300 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more defoaming agents.
15. The process of claim 14 , wherein the one or more defoaming agents are selected from the group consisting of alcohol-based and silicone-based defoamers.
16. The process of claim 14 , wherein the total concentration of defoaming agents is in the range from 0.1 to 15 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
17. A process for making a water-based, emulsified drilling fluid containing emulsified bitumen from oil sand cuttings, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a primary fluid comprising water, a viscosity agent, and one or more surfactants having HLB numbers equal to or greater than approximately 7 but not exceeding approximately 13; and
(b) mixing the primary fluid with cuttings produced by drilling through oil sand formations containing bitumen, by circulating the primary fluid through the annular space of a wellbore drilled through an oil sand formation;
wherein said one or more surfactants comprise an octyl phenol 5 mole ethoxylate and are effective to emulsify the bitumen from oil sand cuttings produced during drilling, and the emulsified bitumen becomes substantially uniformly dispersed within the primary fluid, thereby forming the emulsified drilling fluid.
18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the water content of the emulsified drilling fluid is between 75 percent and 95 percent by volume.
19. The process of claim 17 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more polymer materials.
20. The process of claim 19 , wherein the one or more polymer materials are selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, polyanionic cellulose, modified starch, and non-modified starch.
21. The process of claim 19 , wherein the concentration of polymer materials is in the range from 0.1 to 25 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
22. The process of claim 17 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more alkaline materials.
23. The process of claim 22 , wherein the one or more alkaline materials are selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.
24. The process of claim 22 , wherein the total concentration of the one or more alkaline materials is in the range from 0.5 to 5 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
25. The process of claim 17 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates a carrier oil having solvent properties.
26. The process of claim 25 , wherein the concentration of the carrier oil is in the range from 0.1 to 75 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
27. The process of claim 17 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more weighting materials.
28. The process of claim 27 , wherein the one or more weighting materials are selected from the group consisting of barite, hematite, and calcium carbonate.
29. The process of claim 27 , wherein the concentration of the one or more weighting materials is in the range from 0.1 to 300 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.
30. The process of claim 17 , wherein the primary fluid incorporates one or more defoaming agents.
31. The process of claim 30 , wherein the one or more defoaming agents are selected from the group consisting of alcohol-based and silicone-based defoamers.
32. The process of claim 30 , wherein the total concentration of defoaming agents is in the range from 0.1 to 15 kilograms per cubic meter of drilling fluid.