Method for producing a watermark element, watermark element, and also applications
According to one aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing a watermark element ( 10 ) for forming a shadow watermark image in a substrate by means of dewatering of a fibrous suspension, wherein the watermark element ( 10 ) comprises a body with a relief side ( 12 ) having a relief ( 14 ) and a dewatering side ( 16 ) positioned opposite the relief side, perforations ( 18 ) being provided at least in the relief ( 14 ), a perforation ( 18 ) comprising a channel ( 20 ) with a channel inlet ( 21 ) at the relief side ( 12 ) and a channel outlet ( 22 ) at the dewatering side ( 16 ), which method includes the steps of forming perforations in a body in a mechanical manner and introducing a relief in the intended relief side, the perforations ( 18 ) being formed in such a way that the dewatering capacity, expressed as the open surface area of the channel inlet(s) per unit of surface area of the relief, is dependent on the height (h) of the channel inlet ( 21 ) with respect to the dewatering side ( 16 ), it being the case that the higher the height, the lower the dewatering capacity.
1. Method for producing a watermark element for forming a shadow watermark image in a substrate by means of dewatering of a fibrous suspension, wherein the watermark element comprises a body with a relief side having a relief and a dewatering side positioned opposite the relief side, perforations being provided at least in the relief, a perforation comprising a channel extending a channel height (h) from a channel inlet on an exterior surface of the relief side to a channel outlet on an exterior surface of the dewatering side, the channel inlet and outlet having an open surface area defined as the cross sectional area of the channel inlet and outlet, respectively, at the surfaces of the relief and dewatering sides, the method comprising:
forming perforations in the body in a mechanical manner by a mechanical machining process; and
introducing the relief in the intended relief side;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a perforation is expressed as the open surface area of the channel inlet of the perforation per unit of surface area of the relief;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a portion of the relief is the total open surface area of the channel inlets in that portion of the relief per the total surface cross sectional area of that portion of the surface of the relief side, and is dependent on the channel height (h) of each perforation in that portion of the relief;
wherein the higher the channel height of the perforation, the lower the dewatering capacity of that perforation; and
wherein the perforations comprise channels having a uniform cross section along the channel height (h), the size of the area of the uniform cross section for each perforation dependent on the channel height (h) of each perforation.
2. Dewatering screen for producing paper from a fibrous suspension, comprising one or more layers of screen material, the outer layer of which is provided with one or more watermark elements, produced in accordance with the method according to claim 1 .
3. Method for producing a sheet-shaped substrate with a watermark comprising forming a sheet by dewatering of a fibrous suspension on a dewatering screen according to claim 2 .
4. Method for producing a watermark element for forming a shadow watermark image in a substrate by means of dewatering of a fibrous suspension, wherein the watermark element comprises a body with a relief side having a relief and a dewatering side positioned opposite the relief side, perforations being provided at least in the relief, a perforation comprising a channel extending a channel height (h) from a channel inlet on an exterior surface of the relief side to a channel outlet on an exterior surface of the dewatering side, the channel inlet and outlet having an open surface area defined as the cross sectional area of the channel inlet and outlet, respectively, at the surfaces of the relief and dewatering sides, the method comprising:
forming perforations in the body in a mechanical manner by a mechanical machining process; and
introducing the relief in the intended relief side;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a perforation is expressed as the open surface area of the channel inlet of the perforation per unit of surface area of the relief;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a portion of the relief is the total open surface area of the channel inlets in that portion of the relief per the total surface cross sectional area of that portion of the surface of the relief side, and is dependent on the channel height (h) of each perforation in that portion of the relief;
wherein the higher the channel height of the perforation, the lower the dewatering capacity of that perforation; and
wherein the open surface area of a channel inlet is linearly dependent on the channel height (h).
5. Dewatering screen for producing paper from a fibrous suspension, comprising one or more layers of screen material, the outer layer of which is provided with one or more watermark elements, produced in accordance with the method according to claim 4 .
6. Method for producing a sheet-shaped substrate with a watermark comprising forming a sheet by dewatering of a fibrous suspension on a dewatering screen according to claim 5 .
7. Method for producing a watermark element for forming a shadow watermark image in a substrate by means of dewatering of a fibrous suspension, wherein the watermark element comprises a body with a relief side having a relief and a dewatering side positioned opposite the relief side, perforations being provided at least in the relief, a perforation comprising a channel extending a channel height (h) from a channel inlet on an exterior surface of the relief side to a channel outlet on an exterior surface of the dewatering side, the channel inlet and outlet having an open surface area defined as the cross sectional area of the channel inlet and outlet, respectively, at the surfaces of the relief and dewatering sides, the method comprising:
forming perforations in the body in a mechanical manner by a mechanical machining process; and
introducing the relief in the intended relief side;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a perforation is expressed as the open surface area of the channel inlet of the perforation per unit of surface area of the relief;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a portion of the relief is the total open surface area of the channel inlets in that portion of the relief per the total surface cross sectional area of that portion of the surface of the relief side, and is dependent on the channel height (h) of each perforation in that portion of the relief;
wherein the higher the channel height of the perforation, the lower the dewatering capacity of that perforation; and
wherein the perforations comprise channels having a uniform cross section along the channel height (h), and the number of perforations/unit surface area of the relief is dependent on the channel height (h) in the relief.
8. Dewatering screen for producing paper from a fibrous suspension, comprising one or more layers of screen material, the outer layer of which is provided with one or more watermark elements, produced in accordance with the method according to claim 7 .
9. Method for producing a sheet-shaped substrate with a watermark comprising forming a sheet by dewatering of a fibrous suspension on a dewatering screen according to claim 8 .
10. Method for producing a watermark element for forming a shadow watermark image in a substrate by means of dewatering of a fibrous suspension, wherein the watermark element comprises a body with a relief side having a relief and a dewatering side positioned opposite the relief side, perforations being provided at least in the relief, a perforation comprising a channel extending a channel height (h) from a channel inlet on an exterior surface of the relief side to a channel outlet on an exterior surface of the dewatering side, the channel inlet and outlet having an open surface area defined as the cross sectional area of the channel inlet and outlet, respectively, at the surfaces of the relief and dewatering sides, the method comprising:
forming perforations in the body in a mechanical manner by a mechanical machining process; and
introducing the relief in the intended relief side;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a perforation is expressed as the open surface area of the channel inlet of the perforation per unit of surface area of the relief;
wherein the dewatering capacity of a portion of the relief is the total open surface area of the channel inlets in that portion of the relief per the total surface cross sectional area of that portion of the surface of the relief side, and is dependent on the channel height (h) of each perforation in that portion of the relief;
wherein the higher the channel height of the perforation, the lower the dewatering capacity of that perforation; and
wherein the channel inlet is circular, and the radius of the channel inlet open surface area is linearly dependent on its vertical position in the relief.
11. Dewatering screen for producing paper from a fibrous suspension, comprising one or more layers of screen material, the outer layer of which is provided with one or more watermark elements, produced in accordance with the method according to claim 10 .
12. Method for producing a sheet-shaped substrate with a watermark comprising forming a sheet by dewatering of a fibrous suspension on a dewatering screen according to claim 11 .