Compositions and methods for treatment of radiation exposure
The present invention relates to an immunostimulant and to the use of an immunostimulant in the form of a cross-linked muramyl dipeptide microparticle in the treatment of radiation exposure, radiation poisoning, and mitigating the toxic effects of radiotherapy.
1. A method of prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of exposure to radiation or radiation poisoning comprising administrating Muramyl dipeptides cross-linked to each other to form a microparticle (MDP-microparticle) or a composition comprising the MDP-microparticle to a subject requiring such treatment in an amount effective to prophylactically or therapeutically treat exposure to radiation or radiation poisoning, wherein the MDP-microparticle is isolated from bacteria.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein treatment accelerates bone marrow restoration in a subject exposed to radiation or having radiation poisoning.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the treatment accelerates myelorestoration in a subject exposed to radiation or having radiation poisoning.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the treatment induces thrombocytosis in a subject exposed to radiation or having radiation poisoning.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the radiation is ionising radiation or wherein radiation poisoning is caused by ionising radiation.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the radiation comprises electromagnetic waves.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or a composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered intravenously, orally, intramuscularly, intranasally, by nebulization or dry powder administration directly to the airways of a lung or nasal mucosa.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or a composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered at a dose of from about 1 μg to about 20 mg/Kg body, in single or multiple doses.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or a composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered at a dose selected from a dosage range of about 1 μg to about 150 μg/Kg body weight.
10. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein exposure to radiation is caused by radiation therapy.
12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered from at least about 24 hours prior to radiation therapy to about 7 days prior to radiation therapy.
13. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered at least 30 minutes prior to radiation therapy.
14. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or a composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered at any time prior to the commencement of radiation therapy, at the time of commencement of radiation therapy, during radiotherapy, or after completion of radiation therapy.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or a composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered immediately after exposure to radiation or from about 1 minute to about 24 hours after exposure to the source of radiation.
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle or a composition comprising the MDP-microparticle is administered within 5 minutes to 2 hours after of the radiation exposure.
17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle is combined with at least one immunostimulatory ligand, bound to or associated with the microparticle, that is capable of stimulating immunomodulatory cytokines and wherein the ligand is selected from pathogen molecular pattern recognition receptors TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, NOD-1 or NOD-2.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle stimulates the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), GM-CSF and interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF α).
19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle stimulates hematopoietic reconstitution by increasing the production of white blood cells and platelets and/or stimulates erythropoiesis by increasing the production of red blood cells.
20. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the MDP-microparticle is used in combination with one or more other agents for the treatment of radiation exposure or radiation poisoning selected from insoluble Prussian Blue, Ca-DTPA, Zn-DTPA, filgrastim, bone marrow transplant, blood transfusion or hormones and cytokines, and wherein the cytokines are selected from IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF or TNFα.
21. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the radiation is selected from radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays.
22. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the radiation is selected from cosmic rays, alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays.
23. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the radiation is selected from proton beams, baryon beams, electron beams and neutron beams.