Sewage nitrate removal by free-draining asphyxiant filtration and carbon addition
In a sewage disposal system, a de-nitrification station is configured as a heap of foam cubes located in an airtight enclosure from which oxygen is excluded. Carbon is added to the incoming nitrified water. The heap of foam cubes is arranged as a free-draining trickle filter, but here under asphyxiant conditions in the enclosure. Anaerobic microbiological reactions reduce the nitrate to nitrogen gas. Effluent from the de-nitrifier is polished by feeding back a fraction of the effluent through the aeration station from which the nitrate water is derived, or a separate polishing station can be provided.
1. Apparatus for lowering the concentration of dissolved nitrate in wastewater, wherein:
the apparatus includes a de-nitrification station;
the de-nitrification station includes a de-nitrification enclosure, which defines a hollow interior chamber;
the apparatus is so structured and arranged that oxygen is substantially prevented from entering the chamber;
the enclosure includes a water-inlet-port, through which water is conveyed into the chamber;
the apparatus includes a volume of biological filter medium, located inside the chamber;
the material of the filter medium is substantially inert with respect to water, with respect to contaminants present in the wastewater, and with respect to anaerobic microbiological reactions that break down the contaminants;
the material of the filter medium is porous, absorbent, and capable of retaining water by capillary action;
the material of the filter medium is permeable to flow of water within and inside the material;
the apparatus includes a source of carbon, and includes an operable injector which is effective, when operated, to inject the carbon into the chamber;
the apparatus is so arranged that:
(a) the water-inlet-port deposits water on top of the volume of filter medium, in such manner that the water trickles down through the volume of medium; and
(b) the volume of biological filter medium is characterizable as free-draining.
2. As in claim 1 , wherein:
the material of the biological filter medium is in many separate pieces, and the pieces are arranged in a heap or stack, which is located in the chamber;
in the heap or stack, a contact-patch-portion of an upper one of the pieces is in direct touching contact with a complementary contact-patch-portion of a lower one of the pieces; and
the apparatus is so arranged that the water from the water-inlet-port travels down through the pieces, and through the contact-patches, progressively, in a champagne-fountain mode of downward movement.
3. As in claim 2 , wherein the absorbent material is soft, being of such softness that the material can be easily distorted by being squeezed between the fingers.
4. As in claim 1 , wherein the shortest path that a drop of water can take, in passing from the water-inlet-port to a water-outlet-port of the enclosure, involves the water passing through about ten or more of the contact-patches.
5. As in claim 1 , wherein:
the heap or stack is so configured as to have the following characteristic, in respect of the said contact-patch-portions, namely that:
(a) the respective contact-patch-portions together form a contact-patch between the two pieces;
(b) the contact-patch is large enough to form a drainage-bridge between the two pieces, through which water in the upper piece can drain from the upper piece into the lower piece;
(c) the contact patch is small enough to restrict such drainage, to the extent that a substantial remnant volume of water is held retained, by capillary action of the absorbent material, inside the upper piece; and
the heap or stack is so configured that the rest of the several pieces in the heap form respective pairs of contact-patches, of which at least a major portion have the said characteristic.
6. As in claim 1 , wherein:
the apparatus includes also a nitrification or aeration station, including a nitrification enclosure in which the waste-water is aerated, to the extent that ammonium dissolved in the water is transformed to nitrate;
the nitrification enclosure includes an outlet-port, for conveying nitrified water out of the nitrification enclosure;
the nitrification enclosure is physically separate from the de-nitrification enclosure, the two enclosures being arranged in-series, the nitrification enclosure being upstream of the de-nitrification enclosure;
the apparatus is so arranged that water entering the water-inlet-port of the de-nitrification station is effluent water from the outlet-port of the aeration station, containing dissolved nitrate; and
the nitrogen content of the nitrate in the effluent water from the aeration station is twenty milligrams of nitrogen, or more, per liter of the water.
7. As in claim 6 , wherein the effluent water from the aeration station is conveyed in a pipe to the water-inlet-port of the de-nitrification station.
8. As in claim 6 , wherein:
the apparatus includes also a septic tank; and
water entering the aeration station is effluent water from the septic tank, containing dissolved ammonium.
9. As in claim 6 , wherein:
the apparatus includes also a polishing station, in which water is aerated, to the extent that carbon dissolved in the water is transformed to carbon dioxide; and
water entering the polishing station is effluent water from the de-nitrification station, containing dissolved carbon.
10. As in claim 6 , wherein:
the apparatus is arranged for removing excess dissolved carbon in the effluent water from the de-nitrification station by aerating the said effluent water;
in that a portion of the effluent water from the de-nitrification station is fed back into the aeration station.
11. As in claim 6 , wherein the apparatus is part of a small sewage treatment installation, which is sized to nitrify, and to de-nitrify, a through-put of no more than about 200,000 liters of sewage per day.
12. As in claim 1 , wherein the carbon injected into the nitrate-laden water in the de-nitrification station is a liquid sugar.
13. As in claim 1 , wherein:
the de-nitrification station includes a nozzle or nozzles, through which nitrate-laden water entering the de-nitrification station is sprinkled or sprayed evenly over the volume of filter medium; and
the water is sprinkled or sprayed in intermittent or discontinuous doses.
14. As in claim 1 , wherein:
the enclosure includes a water-outlet-port; and
the apparatus is so arranged that the water, having trickled down through the volume of filter medium, collects in, and is conveyed away via, the water-outlet-port.
15. Procedure for lowering the concentration of dissolved nitrate in water, including:
sprinkling or spraying nitrate-laden water on top of a volume of biological filter medium;
arranging the volume in such manner that the water trickles downwards through the volume, in a manner that can be characterized as free-draining;
the material of the filter medium being substantially inert with respect to water, with respect to contaminants present in the wastewater, and with respect to anaerobic microbiological reactions that break down the nitrate;
the material of the filter medium is porous, absorbent, and capable of retaining water by capillary action;
the material of the filter medium is permeable to flow of water within and inside the material;
ensuring that the volume is substantially not exposed to oxygen, being oxygen in a form that would be more readily accessible, to anaerobic bacteria, than nitrate;
injecting carbon into the nitrate-laden water; and
ensuring that conditions of redox and pH in the water are such as to promote anaerobic microbiological reactions that reduce the nitrate to nitrogen gas.