Stable perfluorocarbon emulsion for use as an artificial oxygen carrier
Perfluorocarbon emulsions having a high stability and good oxygen release are disclosed and described. These perfluorocarbon emulsions are typically for use as artificial oxygen carriers. The perfluorocarbon emulsions include a disperse phase of a perfluorocarbon and an emulsion stabilizer, and continuous phase. The emulsion stabilizer can primarily include a poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer. These stabilized perfluorocarbon emulsions can be used in liquid and/or hydrogel phases of perfusion bioreactors or various other culture systems to enhance cell viability in thick tissue constructs, or as blood substitutes, although other applications may also be considered.
1. A perfluorocarbon emulsion for use as an artificial oxygen carrier, comprising:
a) a dispersed phase including a perfluorocarbon and an emulsion stabilizer, said emulsion stabilizer including primarily a poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer; and
b) a continuous aqueous phase.
2. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the emulsion stabilizer consists essentially of the poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer.
3. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer is biodegradable.
4. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer is a poly(ethylene oxide)-polyester block copolymer.
5. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 4 , wherein the poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-(L) polylactide copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-(D) polylactide copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-(D,L) polylactide copolymer, and combinations thereof.
6. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer is a poly(ethylene oxide)-polyether block copolymer.
7. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 6 , wherein the poly(ethylene oxide)-polyether block copolymer is a polyethylene-polyether triblock copolymer.
8. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon is selected from the group consisting of perfluoro crown ethers, perfluoroalkanes, perfluoropentane, perfluorooctyl bromide, perfluoro cycloalkanes, and mixtures thereof.
9. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon is a perfluoroalkyl ether.
10. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 9 , wherein the perfluoroalkyl ether is a crown ether.
11. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 10 , wherein the perfluoroalkyl ether is perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether having a structure I
12. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon is present from about 1 vol % to about 70 vol % of the perfluorocarbon emulsion.
13. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon has a boiling point greater than about 50° C.
14. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 13 , wherein the boiling point is greater than about 120° C.
15. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of stabilizer to perfluorocarbon is about 0.006:1 to about 2:1.
16. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the dispersed phase has a droplet size from about 200 nm to about 500 nm.
17. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the continuous aqueous phase includes a hydrogel.
18. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 17 , wherein the hydrogel is a hyaluronic acid hydrogel, collagen, silk, acrylates, alginate, fibrin, fibronectin, chitosan, chondroitin sulfate, gag proteins, proteoglycans, gelatin, protein, poly-NIPAam or combination thereof.
19. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon emulsion includes at least one of an anti-oxidant, a sequestering agent, a chelating agent, a steroid, and an anti-coagulant.
20. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon emulsion has an ex vivo stability of less than 10% in droplet diameter change over three months.
21. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon emulsion exhibits an in vivo stability wherein the droplets are substantially preserved up to one month in tissue and one week in blood.
22. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the perfluorocarbon emulsion is formulated as a blood substitute.
23. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the dispersed phase comprises droplets capable of changing in diameter by less than 50% over three months at 37° C.
24. The perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the dispersed phase comprises droplets capable of changing in diameter by less than 10% over three months at 37° C.
25. A method of delivering oxygen to biological tissue, comprising exposing the biological tissue to the perfluorocarbon emulsion of claim 1 .
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the biological tissue is a tissue construct.
27. The method of claim 25 , wherein the biological tissue is in vivo.