Saccharide antifreeze compositions
The invention provides an antifreeze glycolipid compounds and composition comprising a polysaccharide moiety of Formula I: wherein D -Manp represents a D -mannopyranose moiety, D -Xylp represents a D -xylopyranose moiety, and n is about 5 to about 70; and one or more lipid moieties covalently linked to the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I or electrostatically associated with the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I. The antifreeze glycolipid compounds and compositions can be used for a variety of industrial, agricultural, medical, and cosmetic applications where recrystallization-inhibition, cyroprotection, or cryopreservation is desired. The antifreeze glycolipid compounds or compositions can be used as, for example, as cryoprotectants for tissue preservation and transplantation, improving the texture of processed frozen food and frozen meats, frostbite protection, crop protection, and green alternatives for land vehicle antifreeze and aircraft de-icing.
1. An antifreeze glycolipid composition comprising an isolated polysaccharide moiety of Formula I:
wherein D -Manp represents a D -mannopyranose moiety, D -Xylp represents a D -xylopyranose moiety, and n is about 5 to about 70;
and one or more lipid moieties covalently linked to the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I or electrostatically associated with the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I.
2. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the mannopyranose and xylopyranose moieties of Formula (I) are linked via beta-linkages.
3. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the mannopyranose and xylopyranose moieties of Formula (I) are linked via β(1→4) linkages.
4. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I is linked to one or more blocks of repeating mannopyranose moieties, xylopyranose moieties, or both.
5. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the ratio of mannopyranose moieties to xylopyranose moieties is about 40:60 to about 60:40.
6. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the mass of the mannopyranose moieties and xylopyranose moieties comprise about 90% to about 98% of the glycolipid composition.
7. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I comprises a glycolipid moiety of Formula II:
a glycolipid of Formula III:
a glycolipid of Formula IV:
wherein each R x is independently H or a lipophilic moiety R L covalently bonded to a saccharide moiety of the formula;
each mannopyranose and xylopyranose is substituted with one to three R x groups,
at least one R x is R L ; and
R L is a fatty acid, a mono-, di-, or tri-glyceride, a sterol, or a phospholipid.
8. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I comprises a glycolipid moiety of Formula VI:
wherein each R x is independently be H or a lipophilic moiety R L , wherein at least one R x is R L .
9. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I comprises a polysaccharide moiety of Formula VII:
where a lipid moiety is electrostatically associated to one or more of the oxygen atoms of the saccharide of Formula VII, and the lipid moiety is an alkyl chain, a fatty acid, a mono-, di-, or tri-glyceride, a sterol, or a phospholipid.
10. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a fatty acid, a mono-, di-, or tri-glyceride, a sterol, or a phospholipid.
11. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a fatty acid moiety R 1 of the formula —C(═O)R wherein R is a straight chain or branched (C 8 -C 30 )alkyl group.
12. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a fatty acid moiety R 1 of the formula —C(═O)R wherein R is a straight chain or branched (C 8 -C 30 )alkyl group wherein the alkyl is optionally unsaturated, optionally epoxidized, optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups, or a combination thereof.
13. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a fatty acid moiety R 1 wherein R 1 is the residue of lauric acid (dodecanoic acid), myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid), palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid), steric acid (octadecanoic acid), arachidic acid (eicosanoic acid), lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid), palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, or combinations thereof.
14. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a glyceride moiety having fatty acid substituents.
15. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is R 2 where R 2 is a moiety of Formula VIII:
or a moiety of Formula IX:
wherein each R 3 is independently H, R, or R 1 , each R is independently a straight chain or branched (C 8 -C 30 )alkyl group, and each R 1 is independently a moiety of the formula —C(═O)R.
16. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a moiety of Formula X:
wherein each R 4 is independently H, (C 1 -C 7 )alkyl, R, or R 1 , each R is independently a straight chain or branched (C 8 -C 30 )alkyl group, and each R 1 is independently a moiety of the formula —C(═O)R.
17. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a moiety of Formula XI:
wherein each R 4 is independently H, (C 1 -C 7 )alkyl, R, or R 1 , each R is independently a straight chain or branched (C 8 -C 30 )alkyl group, and each R 1 is independently a moiety of the formula —C(═O)R.
18. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein one or more of the lipophilic moieties R L is a moiety of Formula XII:
wherein each R 4 is independently H, (C 1 -C 7 )alkyl, R, or R 1 , each R is independently a straight chain or branched (C 8 -C 30 )alkyl group, and each R 1 is independently a moiety of the formula —C(═O)R.
19. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 7 wherein the lipid moiety or lipophilic moiety R L is covalently bonded through an oxygen atom at C2, C3, or C6 of a mannopyranose moiety, at C2 or C3 of a xylopyranose moiety, or a combination thereof.
20. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of amino acids.
21. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the composition provides more than 2° C. of thermal hysteresis at a concentration of 5 mg/mL.
22. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 1 wherein the average molecular weight of the polysaccharides that include the moiety of Formula I in the composition is about 1.6 kDa to about 20 kDa.
23. A composition comprising the glycolipid composition of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically, cosmetically, or agriculturally acceptable carrier.
24. An antifreeze glycolipid composition comprising an isolated polysaccharide moiety of Formula I:
wherein D -Manp represents a D -mannopyranose moiety, D -Xylp represents a D -xylopyranose moiety, and n is about 5 to about 70;
and one or more lipid moieties covalently linked to the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I or electrostatically associated with the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I;
wherein the mannopyranose and xylopyranose moieties of Formula (I) are linked via beta-linkages; and
the mass of the mannopyranose moieties and xylopyranose moieties comprise about 90% to about 98% of the glycolipid composition.
25. The antifreeze glycolipid composition of claim 24 wherein the composition comprises less than 5 wt. % of amino acids.
26. A composition comprising the glycolipid composition of claim 24 and a pharmaceutically, cosmetically, or agriculturally acceptable carrier.