Wheels Having Oxide Coating And Method of Making The Same
In one embodiment, an article includes a surface; a metallic layer including a first metal and contacting the surface; and an oxide layer including an oxide of a second metal different from the first metal and contacting the metallic layer. The article may further include a polymer layer contacting the surface of the oxide layer directed away from the article surface. In certain instances, the article is a vehicle wheel.
1 . An article comprising:
a substrate including a surface;
a metallic layer including a first metal and contacting the surface; and
an oxide layer including an oxide of a second metal different from the first metal and contacting the metallic layer surface directed away from the article surface.
2 . The article of claim 1 , wherein the metallic layer includes a first metallic surface contacting the oxide layer, a second metallic surface, and a metallic bulk between the first and second metallic surfaces, the first metallic surface including a higher concentration of polar groups than the second metallic surface.
3 . The article of claim 1 , wherein the metallic layer includes less than 5 percent by weight of oxygen.
4 . The article of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer includes no less than 5 percent by weight of oxygen.
5 . The article of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer has a thickness of 1 to 5 nanometers.
6 . The article of claim 1 , further comprising a polymer layer such that the oxide layer is positioned between the metallic layer and the polymer layer.
7 . The article of claim 6 , wherein the polymer layer includes a first polymer surface contacting the oxide layer, a second polymer surface, and a polymer bulk spacing apart the first and second polymer surfaces, the first polymer surface includes an increased concentration of polar groups relative to the second polymer surface.
8 . The article of claim 6 , wherein the polymer layer has a thickness of 50 to 100 micrometers.
9 . The article of claim 1 , further comprising a first primer layer positioned between the article surface and the metallic layer.
10 . The article of claim 9 , further comprising a second primer layer chemically different from the first primer layer, the second primer layer positioned between the first primer layer and the metallic layer.
11 . The article of claim 1 , wherein the metallic layer includes a metal alloy of the first metal.
12 . The article of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes a metal, a polymer, or both.
13 . An article comprising:
a substrate including a surface;
a first primer layer contacting the surface;
a metallic layer including a first metal and contacting the first primer layer;
an oxide layer including an oxide of a second metal different from the first metal and contacting the metallic layer surface directed away from the article substrate; and
a polymer layer contacting the oxide layer surface directed away from the article surface.
14 . A method of coating a surface, comprising:
forming an oxide layer on a surface with a metallic layer, the metallic layer including a first metal and the oxide layer including an oxide of a second metal different from the first metal.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the step of forming is carried out in a vacuum.
16 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising forming the metallic layer in a vacuum.
17 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising forming a first primer layer positioned between the article surface and the metallic layer.
18 . The method of claim 17 , further comprising forming a second primer layer positioned between the first primer layer and the metallic layer.
19 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising subjecting the surface to a plasma treatment prior to forming the metallic layer.
20 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising forming a polymer layer subsequent to the step of forming the oxide layer.