Methods for making doped and undoped copper chalcopyrite nanoparticles and thin films thereof
A method of forming CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles. The method includes, in the presence of one or more ligands, reacting an iron-containing compound, a copper-containing compound and a sulfur-containing compound to form CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles; and wherein at least one of the ligands forms a coordination complex with copper, and at least one of the ligands forms a coordination complex with iron. Also a method of forming metal-doped CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles such as Zn-doped CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles. Also, a CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticle layer on a substrate. Also, a composition of matter including Zn-doped CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles. Also, a Zn-doped CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticle layer on a substrate.
1. A method, comprising:
forming an anhydrous first solution of an iron-containing compound and a copper-containing compound in a first solvent, said first solvent including one or more primary alkyl amines;
forming a second anhydrous solution of a sulfur-containing compound in a second solvent, said second solvent including one or more alkyl amines;
heating said first solutions to a nucleation temperature;
after said heating, adding said second solution to said first solution to form CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles;
maintaining said mixture of said first solution and said second solution at said nucleation temperature for a predetermined length of time;
after said predetermined length of time, cooling said mixture of said first solution and said second solution to a second temperature that is less than said nucleation temperature;
after said mixture reaches said second temperature adding a quenching solvent to said mixture; and
purifying said CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first solvent and said second solvent include an amine independently selected from the group consisting of oleylamine, octadecylamine, hexadecylamine, tetradecylamine, dodecylamine, decylamine and octylamine.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first solvent and said second solvent are oleylamine.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first solvent and said second solvent are a mixture of dodecylamine and octadecene.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
said iron-containing compound includes at least one of iron (III) acetylacetonate, ferric chloride, ferric bromide and ferric iodide; and
said copper-containing compound includes at least one of copper (II) acetylacetonate, cuprous chloride, cuprous bromide and cuprous iodide.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said copper containing compound is Cu (III) acetylacetonate.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said copper containing compound is Cu (I) chloride.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said iron containing compound is Fe (III) acetylacetonate and said copper containing compound is Cu (III) acetylacetonate.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said iron containing compound is Fe (III) acetylacetonate and said copper containing compound is Cu (I) chloride.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second solution includes a non-coordination organic solvent that will not form a coordination complex with copper or with iron.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said non-coordination organic solvent is a long chain alkene of at least 12 carbon atoms.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein said non-coordination organic solvent is octadecene.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleation temperature is between 180° C. and 250° C.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second temperature is between 50° C. and 90° C.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said quenching solvent is an anhydrous non-polar organic liquid.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said quenching solvent includes one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of anhydrous toluene, anhydrous hexane, anhydrous octane, anhydrous chloroform, anhydrous tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous xylene, anhydrous benzene and anhydrous 1,2-dichlorobenze.
17. The method claim 15 , wherein said quenching solvent is anhydrous toluene.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second solution is rapidly injected into said first solution at a rate of 2 milliliters every 0.3 second or less per 20 milliliters of said first solution.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein said CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles have an average particle size between 5 nm and 20 nm in diameter.
20. A method, comprising:
forming an anhydrous first solution of an iron-containing compound, a copper-containing compound and a zinc-containing compound in a first solvent, said first solvent including one or more primary alkyl amines;
forming a second anhydrous solution of a sulfur-containing compound in a second solvent, said second solvent including one or more alkyl amines;
heating said first solutions to a nucleation temperature;
after said heating, adding said second solution to said first solution to form zinc doped CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles;
maintaining said mixture of said first solution and said second solution at said nucleation temperature for a predetermined length of time;
after said predetermined length of time, cooling said mixture of said first solution and said second solution to a second temperature that is less than said nucleation temperature;
after said mixture reaches said second temperature adding a quenching solvent to said mixture; and
purifying said zinc doped CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein:
said iron-containing compound includes at least one of iron (III) acetylacetonate, ferric chloride, ferric bromide and ferric iodide; and
said copper-containing compound includes at least one of copper (II) acetylacetonate, cuprous chloride, cuprous bromide and cuprous iodide.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein said iron containing compound is Fe (III) acetylacetonate, said copper containing compound is Cu (III) acetylacetonate and said zinc-containing compound is Zn (II) acetylacetonate hydrate.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein said first solvent and said second solvent include an amine independently selected from the group consisting of oleylamine, octadecylamine, hexadecylamine, tetradecylamine, dodecylamine, decylamine and octylamine.
24. The method of 20 , wherein said first solvent and said second solvent are a mixture of dodecylamine and octadecene.
25. The method of claim 20 , wherein said quenching solvent includes one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of anhydrous toluene, anhydrous hexane, anhydrous octane, anhydrous chloroform, anhydrous tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous xylene, anhydrous benzene and anhydrous 1,2-dichlorobenze.
26. The method of claim 20 , wherein said second solution is rapidly injected into said first solution at a rate of 2 milliliters every 0.3 second or less per 20 milliliters of said first solution.
27. The method of claim 20 , wherein the amount of zinc in said zinc doped CuFeS 2 chalcopyrite nanoparticles is 30 atomic percent or less.