Inter-domain routing in an
Systems and techniques for processing and forwarding packets are described. Specifically, some embodiments can include a receiving mechanism, a determining mechanism, a generating mechanism, and a sending mechanism. The receiving mechanism can be configured to receive a first packet that is to be routed from a first node in a first Autonomous System (AS) to a second node in a second AS. The determining mechanism can be configured to determine a set of bits that encodes a route in an n-ary tree that includes the first node and a root node in the first AS. The generating mechanism can be configured to generate, based on the first packet, a second packet that includes the set of bits and an identifier associated with the second AS. The sending mechanism can be configured to send the second packet.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a receiving mechanism configured to receive a first packet that is to be routed from a first node in a first Autonomous System (AS) to a second node in a second AS;
a determining mechanism configured to determine a set of bits that encodes a route in an n-ary tree that includes the first node and a root node in the first AS, wherein each node in the route corresponds to a subset of the set of bits that identifies an outgoing edge of the node over which the first packet is to be routed;
a generating mechanism configured to generate, based on the first packet, a second packet that includes the set of bits and an identifier associated with the second AS, wherein the second packet is an Ethernet packet, and wherein the set of bits are stored in one or more VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) tags; and
a sending mechanism configured to send the second packet to the root node in the first AS.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the route in the n-ary tree corresponds to a shortest path in the n-ary tree from the first node to the root node in the first AS.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second packet causes the root node in the first AS to generate a third packet based on the second packet, and send the third packet to a root node in the second AS.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the third packet causes the root node in the second AS to generate a fourth packet based on the third packet, and send the fourth packet to the second node in the second AS.
5. A method, comprising:
receiving a first packet that is to be routed from a first node to a second node in a network;
determining a set of bits that encodes a route in a binary tree/graph that is embedded in the network, wherein the route in the binary tree/graph corresponds to a preselected path in the network from the first node to the second node, wherein each node in the route corresponds to a subset of the set of bits that identifies an outgoing edge of the node over which the first packet is to be routed;
generating, based on the first packet, a second packet that includes the set of bits, wherein the second packet is an Ethernet packet, and wherein the set of bits are stored in one or more VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) tags; and
sending the second packet to the second node.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the preselected path is a shortest path from the first node to the second node.
7. An apparatus, comprising:
a receiving mechanism configured to receive a first packet that is to be routed from a first node in a first Autonomous System (AS) to a second node in a second AS;
a determining mechanism configured to determine a set of bits that encodes a route in an n-ary tree that includes the first node and a root node in the first AS, wherein each node in the route corresponds to a subset of the set of bits that identifies an outgoing edge of the node over which the first packet is to be routed;
a generating mechanism configured to generate, based on the first packet, a second packet that includes the set of bits and an identifier associated with the second AS, wherein the second packet is an MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) packet, and wherein the set of bits are stored in one or more MPLS labels; and
a sending mechanism configured to send the second packet to the root node in the first AS.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the route in the n-ary tree corresponds to a shortest path in the n-ary tree from the first node to the root node in the first AS.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the second packet causes the root node in the first AS to generate a third packet based on the second packet, and send the third packet to a root node in the second AS.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the third packet causes the root node in the second AS to generate a fourth packet based on the third packet, and send the fourth packet to the second node in the second AS.
11. A method, comprising:
receiving a first packet that is to be routed from a first node to a second node in a network;
determining a set of bits that encodes a route in a binary tree/graph that is embedded in the network, wherein the route in the binary tree/graph corresponds to a preselected path in the network from the first node to the second node, wherein each node in the route corresponds to a subset of the set of bits that identifies an outgoing edge of the node over which the first packet is to be routed;
generating, based on the first packet, a second packet that includes the set of bits, wherein the second packet is an MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) packet, and wherein the set of bits are stored in one or more MPLS labels; and
sending the second packet to the second node.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the preselected path is a shortest path from the first node to the second node.