Decreasing potential iatrogenic risks associated with influenza vaccines
Influenza viruses for use in preparing human vaccines have traditionally been grown on embryonated hen eggs, although more modern techniques grow the virus in mammalian cell culture e.g. on Vero, MDCK or PER.C6 cell lines. The inventor has realised that the conditions used for influenza virus culture can increase the risk that pathogens other than influenza virus may grow in the cell lines and have identified specific contamination risks. Suitable tests can thus be performed during manufacture in order to ensure safety and avoid iatrogenic infections.
1. A process for preparing an influenza vaccine or an influenza vaccine antigen from a culture of a Vero cell line, comprising (i) testing for the presence of a JC Polyomavirus (a) during manufacture of the vaccine and/or (b) in a seed, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof, (ii) culturing influenza virus in the culture of the Vero cell line, and (iii) formulating the vaccine manufactured from the influenza virus cultured in the culture of the Vero cell line, wherein the testing is performed before, during and/or after the formulating.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the culture is tested by immunochemical detection and/or nucleic acid detection.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the immunochemical detection, if used, is by ELISA and the nucleic acid detection, if used, is performed by PCR (including RT-PCR).
4. The process of claim 1 further comprising one of more of the following steps: a step of inactivation; a step of mixing three virus strains to make a trivalent vaccine; a step of formulating the vaccine for injection; a step of combining the vaccine with an adjuvant; a step of measuring HA content; a step of adjusting HA content; a step of adding a preservative; and a step of removing residual host cell nucleic acids.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein testing is performed at one of the following stages: viral infection, growth stages, viral harvest, viral processing, splitting, surface protein extraction, vaccine formulation, and vaccine packaging.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vaccine is a live attenuated virus vaccine.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine.
8. The process of claim 7 , wherein the vaccine is a trivalent influenza vaccine.
9. The process of claim 7 , wherein the vaccine is a monovalent pandemic influenza vaccine.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the vaccine includes a H5 or H7 influenza virus strain.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vaccine is a whole virus vaccine, a split virus vaccine, or a viral subunit vaccine.
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the vaccine is a trivalent influenza vaccine.
13. The process of claim 11 , wherein the vaccine is a monovalent pandemic influenza vaccine.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the vaccine includes a H5 or H7 influenza virus strain.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein the seed virus is tested for the presence of the JC Polyomavirus.
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vaccine is tested for the presence of the JC Polyomavirus.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the culture is tested for the presence of the JC Polyomavirus.
18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the culture tested is (i) the viral culture itself, (ii) material extracted from the viral culture, and/or (iii) the viral harvest.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein the seed virus, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof is/are tested for the presence of an additional adventitious pathogen.
20. The process of claim 1 , wherein testing is performed on the seed, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
21. A process for preparing an influenza vaccine or an influenza vaccine antigen from a culture of a Vero cell line, comprising (i) culturing influenza virus in the culture of the Vero cell line, and (ii) formulating the vaccine or the vaccine antigen manufactured from the influenza virus cultured in the culture of the Vero cell line, wherein testing for the presence of a JC Polyomavirus was performed (a) during manufacture of the vaccine or the vaccine antigen, and/or (b) on a seed, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof, and the testing was performed before or during the formulating.
22. The process of claim 21 , wherein testing was performed on the seed, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof.
23. The process of claim 22 , wherein testing was performed by immunochemical detection and/or nucleic acid detection.
24. The process of claim 23 , wherein the immunochemical detection, if used, is by ELISA and the nucleic acid detection, if used, is performed by PCR (including RT-PCR).
25. The process of claim 22 , wherein testing was performed at one of the following stages: infection, growth stages, harvest, processing, splitting, surface protein extraction, and vaccine formulation.
26. The process of claim 22 , wherein the seed, the vaccine, the culture, or combinations thereof was/were tested for the presence of an additional adventitious pathogen.
27. The process of claim 21 , wherein the vaccine or the vaccine antigen is a live attenuated virus vaccine.
28. The process of claim 21 , wherein the vaccine or the vaccine antigen is an inactivated virus vaccine.
29. The process of claim 21 , wherein the vaccine or the vaccine antigen was a whole virus vaccine, a split virus vaccine, or a viral subunit vaccine.
30. The process of claim 21 , wherein the seed was tested for the presence of the JC Polyomavirus.
31. The process of claim 21 , wherein the vaccine was tested for the presence of the JC Polyomavirus.
32. The process of claim 21 , wherein the culture was tested for the presence of the JC Polyomavirus.
33. The process of claim 32 , wherein the culture tested was (i) the culture itself, (ii) material extracted from the culture, or (iii) the harvest.
34. The process of claim 21 , wherein the vaccine or the vaccine antigen after formulating is free of JC Polyomavirus.