Fabrication of nano-twinned nanopillars
Nanopillars with nanoscale diameters are provided where the nanopillar has uniformly aligned nano-twins either perpendicular or inclined by 1-90° to the pillar-axis with no grain-boundaries or any other features.
1. A method of making a nano-twinned nanopillar composition comprising:
(a) coating a substrate with a conductive layer;
(b) coating the conductive layer with a resist polymer;
(c) using a lithography technique to pattern a template into the resist polymer, wherein the template serves as a template-cathode;
(d) providing an anode;
(e) providing a non-patterned cathode wherein the total surface area of the template-cathode and non-patterned cathode is substantially equal to the surface area of the anode;
(f) electrodepositing a metal into the template; and
(g) optionally removing the resist.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, fused-silica, quartz, silicon, organic polymers, siloxane polymers, borosilicate glass, fluorocarbon polymers, metal, hardened sapphire and a ceramic.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the substrate is silicon.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer comprises a conductive metal.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resist polymer comprises polymethyl methacrylate.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrodepositing is by potentiostatic, galvanostatic or by alternating current/voltage techniques.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, rhodium, copper, chrome, nickel, brass, iridium and alloys of any combination of the foregoing.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising coating with a metal oxide, nitride or other organo-metallic material.