Transport and detection of superparamagnetic particles by nanowire
An apparatus, method and computer-readable medium configured to transport a constituent of fluid sample that binds to a functionalized magnetic particle. The apparatus includes a substrate connected to an input port, a magnetic nanowire, and either a temporally changing magnetic field generator or a spin-polarized current source. The magnetic nanowire is disposed in a surface of the substrate. The width and thickness of the magnetic nanowire are configured so that a domain wall propagating along the nanowire in response to the temporally changing magnetic field continuously couples to a superparamagnetic particle introduced into the input port.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a substrate connected to an input port;
a magnetic nanowire disposed in a surface of the substrate; and
a temporally changing magnetic field generator configured to generate a temporally changing magnetic field,
wherein the width and thickness of the magnetic nanowire are configured so that a domain wall propagating along the nanowire in response to the temporally changing magnetic field continuously couples to a superparamagnetic particle introduced into a fluid via the input port so that the superparamagnetic particle is captured and transported through the fluid by the propagating domain wall.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
sensors disposed adjacent to the nanowire, the sensors being configured to detect electrical resistance changes with passage of the domain wall through the nanowire.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the width and thickness of the magnetic nanowire are configured so that the domain wall continuously coupled to the superparamagnetic particle propagates at a speed greater than about 100 microns per second.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the sensors disposed adjacent to the nanowire are disposed in a straight lengthwise section of the nanowire.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the straight lengthwise section of the nanowire has a length in a range from about 5 microns to about 100 microns.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the sensors are magneto-resistive layers.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the sensors are optical cameras.
8. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the sensors disposed adjacent to the nanowire are disposed in an undulating section of the nanowire with an undulating wire structure with each half-rotation.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the undulating section has a radius of curvature between one micron to twenty microns.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the sensors are magneto-resistive layers.
11. An apparatus comprising:
a substrate connected to an input port;
a magnetic nanowire disposed in a surface of the substrate; and
an electric current source configured to generate a spin-polarized electric current,
wherein the width and thickness of the magnetic nanowire are configured so that a domain wall propagating along the nanowire in response to the spin-polarized electric current continuously couples to a superparamagnetic particle introduced into a fluid via the input port so that the superparamagnetic particle is captured and transported through the fluid by the propagating domain wall.
12. A method comprising:
introducing a fluid sample with a contacted functionalized superparamagnetic particle into an apparatus comprising a magnetic nanowire disposed in a surface of a substrate and temporally changing magnetic field generator;
inducing a domain wall that propagates along the nanowire so that the superparamagnetic particle is captured and transported through the fluid sample by the propagating domain wall.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the width and thickness of the magnetic nanowire are configured so that the domain wall continuously couples to the functionalized superparamagnetic particle.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the domain wall transports a constituent of the fluid sample that binds to the functionalized superparamagnetic particle.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the apparatus further comprises magneto-resistive layers exhibiting electrical resistance changes with passage of the domain wall through the nanowire.
16. The method of claim 15 further comprises:
determining a measure of the functionalized superparamagnetic particle based on a measured change in electrical resistance of the magneto-resistive layers.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the domain wall propagates continuously with the coupled particle.
18. A method comprising:
introducing a fluid sample with a contacted functionalized superparamagnetic particle into an apparatus comprising a magnetic nanowire disposed in a surface of a substrate and spin-polarized electric current source;
inducing a domain wall that propagates along the nanowire, so that the superparamagnetic particle is captured and transported through the fluid sample by the propagating domain wall.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the width and thickness of the magnetic nanowire are configured so that the domain wall continuously couples to the functionalized superparamagnetic particle.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the domain wall transports a constituent of the fluid sample that binds to the functionalized superparamagnetic particle.
21. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the nanowire has two undulating sections joined by a straight section having a length in a range from about 5 microns to about 100 microns.